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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
    <title>马原复习思维导图</title>
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<body class="typora-export os-windows">
    <div class="typora-export-content">
        <div id="write">
            <p class="title">马原复习思维导图</p>
            <p class="time">
                <span>本思维导图使用<a href="https://markmap.js.org/">MarkMap</a>制作</span><br /><span>内容为本人<a
                        href="https://user.qzone.qq.com/3205135446">勤倦阁主</a>笔记参考徐涛2023整理而成</span><br /><span>经<a
                        href="https://user.qzone.qq.com/3132523695">芝士,与你分享~\(≧▽≦)/~</a>修改</span>
            </p>
            <p><span>现对哈工地 23 春马原考试题型作一简要说明如下:</span></p>
            <figure class="table-figure">
                <table>
                    <thead>
                        <tr>
                            <th style="text-align: center"><span>题型</span></th>
                            <th style="text-align: center"><span>题量</span></th>
                            <th style="text-align: center"><span>每题分值</span></th>
                            <th style="text-align: center"><span>总分</span></th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <tr>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>单选</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>10</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>1</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>10</span></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>多选</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>6</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>2</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>12</span></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>简答</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>3</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>7</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>21</span></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>辨析</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>2</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>7</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>14</span></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>论述</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>1</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>13</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>13</span></td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>总计</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>22</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>63</span></td>
                            <td style="text-align: center"><span>70</span></td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            </figure>
            <p><span>其中:</span></p>
            <ul>
                <li>考试范围第四章第一节及之前</li>
                <li>
                    复习重点应放在一至三章亦即马主义哲学部分,第四章第一节大概仅出选择而已
                </li>
                <li>
                    辨析题
                    <ul>
                        <li>先简要说明题中涉及的概念分别是什么(含义)</li>
                        <li>再讨论问题本身(即概念间的关系),不会时就做判断</li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li>
                    论述题至少分两部分
                    <ul>
                        <li>基本理论、概念、观点、分析</li>
                        <li>结合材料,运用部分上述内容,再写一遍</li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
            </ul>
            <svg id="mindmap"></svg>
            <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/d3@6.7.0"></script>
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            <script>
                ((getMarkmap, getOptions, root, jsonOptions) => {
                    const markmap = getMarkmap();
                    window.mm = markmap.Markmap.create(
                        "svg#mindmap",
                        (getOptions || markmap.deriveOptions)(jsonOptions),
                        root
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                })(
                    () => window.markmap,
                    null,
                    {
                        type: "heading",
                        depth: 0,
                        payload: { lines: [0, 1] },
                        content: "马主义基本原理",
                        children: [
                            {
                                type: "heading",
                                depth: 1,
                                payload: { lines: [2, 3] },
                                content: "导论 马主义是关于无产阶级和人类解放的科学",
                                children: [
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [4, 5] },
                                        content: "马主义内涵及构成",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [6, 7] },
                                                content: "内涵",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [8, 9] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "由马克思、恩格斯创立并为后继者不断发展的科学理论体系",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [9, 10] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "关于自然、社会、人类思维发展一般规律的学说",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [10, 11] },
                                                        content: "关于社会主义必然代替资本主义的学说",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [11, 12] },
                                                        content: "指引人民创造美好生活的行动指南",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [13, 14] },
                                                content: "三大基本组成部分",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [15, 16] },
                                                        content: "马主义哲学",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [16, 17] },
                                                        content: "马主义政治经济学",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [17, 18] },
                                                        content: "科学社会主义",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [19, 20] },
                                                content: "基本立场、观点、方法",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [21, 22] },
                                                        content: "基本立场",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [23, 24] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "含义:马主义观察、分析和解决问题的根本立足点和出发点",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [24, 25] },
                                                                content: "内容",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [25, 26] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "以无产阶级的解放和全人类的解放为己任",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [26, 27] },
                                                                        content: "以人的自由全面发展为美好目标",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [27, 28] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "以人民为中心,一切为了人民,一切依靠人民。",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [29, 30] },
                                                        content: "基本观点",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [31, 32] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "是关于自然、社会和人类思维发展一般规律的科学认识",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [32, 33] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "是对资本主义社会和社会主义社会发展规律的科学认识",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [33, 34] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "是对人类思想成果和社会实践经验的科学总结。",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [35, 36] },
                                                        content: "基本方法",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [37, 38] },
                                                                content: "含义",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [38, 39] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "建立在辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义世界观和方法论基础上",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [39, 40] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "指导我们正确认识世界和改造世界的思想方法和工作方法",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [40, 41] },
                                                                content: "内容",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [41, 42] },
                                                                        content: "实事求是",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [42, 43] },
                                                                        content: "辩证分析",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [43, 44] },
                                                                        content: "社会基本矛盾和主要矛盾分析",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [44, 45] },
                                                                        content: "历史分析",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [45, 46] },
                                                                        content: "阶级分析",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [46, 47] },
                                                                        content: "群众路线的方法",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [48, 49] },
                                        content: "马主义来源",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [50, 51] },
                                                content: "社会根源(经济)",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [52, 53] },
                                                        content: "资本主义生产方式在欧洲有了相当的发展",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [53, 54] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "工业革命和科技进步极大地提高了劳动生产率,促进了生产力的发展",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [54, 55] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "资本主义生产方式一方面带来了社会化大生产的迅猛发展,另一方面又造成了深重的社会灾难",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [56, 57] },
                                                content: "阶级基础",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [58, 59] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "无产阶级在反抗资产阶级剥削和压迫的斗争中,逐步走向自觉,并迫切渴望科学的理论指导",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [60, 61] },
                                                content: "思想渊源:19 世纪三大先进思潮",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [62, 63] },
                                                        content: "德国古典哲学",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [63, 64] },
                                                                content: "黑格尔的辩证法(合理内核)",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [64, 65] },
                                                                content: "费尔巴哈唯物论(基本内核)",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [65, 66] },
                                                        content: "英国古典政治经济学(主要是劳动价值论)",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [66, 67] },
                                                        content: "英两国空想社会主义",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [68, 69] },
                                                content: "自然科学前提:19 世纪三大科学发现",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [70, 71] },
                                                        content: "能量转化与守恒定律",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [71, 72] },
                                                        content: "达尔文生物进化论",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [72, 73] },
                                                        content: "细胞学说",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [74, 75] },
                                        content: "马主义的发展",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [76, 77] },
                                                content:
                                                    "1848 年,《共产党宣言》的发表标志着马主义的公开问世",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [77, 78] },
                                                content:
                                                    "唯物史观和剩余价值学说是马克思的两个伟大发现",
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [79, 80] },
                                        content: "马主义中国化时代化",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [81, 82] },
                                                content:
                                                    "新民主主义革命时期,同中国具体实际相结合,农村包围城市武装夺取政权,毛泽东思想是第一次伟大飞跃",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [82, 83] },
                                                content:
                                                    "改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期,形成中国特色社会主义理论体系,第二次飞跃",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [83, 84] },
                                                content:
                                                    "习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,第三次飞跃",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [84, 85] },
                                                        content: "世界观和方法论",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [85, 86] },
                                                                content: "人民至上",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [86, 87] },
                                                                content: "自信自立",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [87, 88] },
                                                                content: "守正创新",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [88, 89] },
                                                                content: "问题导向",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [89, 90] },
                                                                content: "系统观念",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [90, 91] },
                                                                content: "胸怀天下",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [92, 93] },
                                        content: "特征与当代价值",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [94, 95] },
                                                content: "特征",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [96, 97] },
                                                        content: "四大特点",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [98, 99] },
                                                                content: "科学性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [99, 100] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "具有科学的世界观和方法论基础,即辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [100, 101] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "以事实为依据,以规律为对象,以实践为检验标准",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [101, 102] },
                                                                content: "人民性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [102, 103] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "人民性是马主义的本质属性,人民至上是马克思主义的政治立场",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [103, 104] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "<strong>实践性</strong>(马主义首要的、基本的观点)",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [104, 105] },
                                                                content: "发展性",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [105, 106] },
                                                                content: "革命性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [106, 107] },
                                                                        content: "四大特点表现为革命性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [107, 108] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "四大特点<strong>不要写这个!</strong>",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [108, 109] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "概括:科学性与革命性的统一,在指导无产阶级和人民群众进行伟大社会革命的过程中,其人民性,实践性和发展性集中的体现为人民性",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [110, 111] },
                                                        content: "鲜明特征:科学性与革命性的统一",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [112, 113] },
                                                content: "当代价值",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [114, 115] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "观察当代世界变化的<strong>认识工具</strong>",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [115, 116] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "指引当代中国发展的<strong>行动指南</strong>",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [116, 117] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "引领人类社会进步的<strong>科学真理</strong>",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [118, 119] },
                                        content: "套话",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [120, 121] },
                                                content:
                                                    "学习马主义理论有助于青年坚定理想信念,树立科学的世界观,人生观,价值观,提高分析和解决问题的能力",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [121, 122] },
                                                        content: "努力学习和掌握马主义的基本立场观点方法",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [122, 123] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "努力学习和掌握马主义中国化时代化的理论成果",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [123, 124] },
                                                        content: "坚持理论联系实际的马主义学风",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                ],
                            },
                            {
                                type: "heading",
                                depth: 1,
                                payload: { lines: [125, 126] },
                                content: "第一章 辩证唯物论",
                                children: [
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [127, 128] },
                                        content: "哲学及其基本问题",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [129, 130] },
                                                content: "基本问题",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [131, 132] },
                                                        content: "物质与精神",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [133, 134] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "说明:物质和精神何者是第一性、何者是第二性,即"物质和精神何者是世界的本原" ?",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [135, 136] },
                                                                content: "划分",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [137, 138] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "根据上述问题的回答,哲学划分为唯物主义和唯心主义两派",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [138, 139] },
                                                                        content: "唯物主义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [139, 140] },
                                                                                content: "基本观点",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [140, 141] },
                                                                                        content: "世界的本原归为物质",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [141, 142] },
                                                                                        content: "物质第一性、意识第二性",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [142, 143] },
                                                                                        content: "意识是物质的产物",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [143, 144] },
                                                                                content: "细分",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [144, 145] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "划分依据:根据对物质理解的广度和深度,唯物主义可划分为三种基本形态。",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [145, 146] },
                                                                                        content: "基本形态",
                                                                                        children: [
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [146, 147],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "古代朴素唯物主义(物质分为几种具体事物如东方的五行、西方的四素)",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [147, 148],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "近代形而上学唯物主义(似乎在说费尔巴哈费某人?)(物质是分子原子)",
                                                                                                children: [
                                                                                                    {
                                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                                        depth: 10,
                                                                                                        payload: {
                                                                                                            lines: [148, 149],
                                                                                                        },
                                                                                                        content:
                                                                                                            "以近代科学为基础(物质是分子原子)",
                                                                                                    },
                                                                                                    {
                                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                                        depth: 10,
                                                                                                        payload: {
                                                                                                            lines: [149, 150],
                                                                                                        },
                                                                                                        content:
                                                                                                            "但无法正确理解哲学的物质概念和自然科学的物质概念之间共性和个性的关系,无法将唯物主义贯彻到历史领域,说明社会运动的物质性",
                                                                                                    },
                                                                                                ],
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [150, 151],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "现代辩证唯物主义(马克思主义的物质范畴)",
                                                                                                children: [
                                                                                                    {
                                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                                        depth: 10,
                                                                                                        payload: {
                                                                                                            lines: [151, 152],
                                                                                                        },
                                                                                                        content:
                                                                                                            "物质是标志客观实在的哲学范畴",
                                                                                                    },
                                                                                                    {
                                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                                        depth: 10,
                                                                                                        payload: {
                                                                                                            lines: [152, 153],
                                                                                                        },
                                                                                                        content:
                                                                                                            "客观实在性是物质的本质和唯一特性",
                                                                                                    },
                                                                                                    {
                                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                                        depth: 10,
                                                                                                        payload: {
                                                                                                            lines: [153, 154],
                                                                                                        },
                                                                                                        content:
                                                                                                            "这种客观实在性是从自然存在和社会存在中抽取出的共同特性",
                                                                                                    },
                                                                                                ],
                                                                                            },
                                                                                        ],
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [154, 155] },
                                                                        content: "唯心主义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [155, 156] },
                                                                                content: "基本观点:世界的本原是意识",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [156, 157] },
                                                                                content: "细分",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [157, 158] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "主观唯心主义:作为本原的意识是本我的意识",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [158, 159] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "客观唯心主义:作为本原的意识是独立于“我”之外的绝对精神",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [160, 161] },
                                                        content: "思维与存在",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [162, 163] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "说明:存在和思维是否具有同一性的问题,即思维能否正确反应存在,人能否认识或彻底认识世界的问题",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [164, 165] },
                                                                content: "划分",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [166, 167] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "根据上述问题的回答,哲学分为可知论和不可知论",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [167, 168] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "可知论:世界是可以被认识的,思维和存在具有同一性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [168, 169] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "不可知论:世界是不能被人所认识或不能被完全认识的,否认思维和存在的同一性",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [170, 171] },
                                                content: "基本问题之外的问题:世界是怎样存在的",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [172, 173] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "说明:世界上的事物是联系的还是孤立的,是发展的还是静止的",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [174, 175] },
                                                        content: "划分",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [176, 177] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "根据上述问题的回答,哲学分为辩证法与形而上学",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [177, 178] },
                                                                content: "辩证法",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [178, 179] },
                                                                        content: "用联系的、发展的观点看世界",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [179, 180] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "认为发展的根本原因在于事物的内部矛盾",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [180, 181] },
                                                                content: "形而上学",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [181, 182] },
                                                                        content: "孤立的、静止的观点看问题",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [182, 183] },
                                                                        content: "否认事物内部矛盾的存在和作用。",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [184, 185] },
                                        content: "世界多样性与物质统一性(唯物论)",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [186, 187] },
                                                content:
                                                    "马克思批判了旧唯物主义对物质世界直观、消极的理解,强调要从能动的实践出发去把握客观世界的意义",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [188, 189] },
                                                content:
                                                    "<strong>本部分的以下内容看看得了,比较有意思,但似乎不那么重点</strong>",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [190, 191] },
                                                content: "物质",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [192, 193] },
                                                        content: "恩格斯",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [194, 195] },
                                                                content: "提法",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [196, 197] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "物、物质无非是各种物的总和,而这个概念就是从这一总和中抽象出来的",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [197, 198] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "我们就用这种简称把感官可感知的许多不同的事物依照其共同的属性概括起来",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [199, 200] },
                                                                content: "意义",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [201, 202] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "明确指出了哲学物质概念与自然科学关于具体的物质形态和物质结构的概念之间共性与个性的关系",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [202, 203] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "第一次明确指出,近代哲学的重大基本问题,是思维和存在的关系问题",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [204, 205] },
                                                        content: "列宁",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [206, 207] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "列宁是从物质与意识的关系上来把握物质的",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [207, 208] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "物质范畴是对物质世界多样性和统一性所作的最高的哲学概括",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [208, 209] },
                                                                content: "物质的共同特性是客观实在性",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [209, 210] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "存在于人的意识之外,为人的意识所反映。",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [211, 212] },
                                                        content: "马主义物质观理论意义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [213, 214] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "坚持了物质的客观实在性原则,坚持了唯物主义一元论,同唯心主义一元论和二元论划清了界限",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [214, 215] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "坚持了能动的反映论和可知论,有力地批判了不可知论",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [215, 216] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "体现了唯物论和辩证法的统一,克服了形而上学唯物主义的缺陷",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [216, 217] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "体现了唯物主义自然观与唯物主义历史观的统一,为彻底的唯物主义奠定了理论基础",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [218, 219] },
                                                content: "物质的存在方式:运动",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [220, 221] },
                                                        content: "物质与运动",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [222, 223] },
                                                                content: "运动的概念",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [223, 224] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "运动是标志一切事物和现象的变化及其过程的哲学范畴",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [224, 225] },
                                                                        content: "运动是物质的存在方式和根本属性",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [225, 226] },
                                                                content: "物质与运动的关系不可分割",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [226, 227] },
                                                                        content: "运动是物质的运动",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [227, 228] },
                                                                        content: "物质是运动着的物质",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [228, 229] },
                                                                content: "两种错误观点",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [229, 230] },
                                                                        content: "脱离物质谈运动——导致唯心主义",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [230, 231] },
                                                                        content: "脱离运动谈物质——导致形而上学",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [232, 233] },
                                                        content: "运动与静止",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [234, 235] },
                                                                content: "静止的概念",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [235, 236] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "静止是物质运动在一定条件下的稳定状态",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [236, 237] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "包括空间位置和根本性质暂时未变这样两种运动的特殊状态",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [237, 238] },
                                                                content: "运动与静止的关系:对立统一",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [238, 239] },
                                                                        content: "相互区别",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [239, 240] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "运动的绝对性体现了物质运动的变动性、无条件性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [240, 241] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "静止的相对性体现了物质运动的稳定性、有条件性",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [241, 242] },
                                                                        content: "相互联系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [242, 243] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "运动和静止相互依赖、相互渗透、相互包含,动中有静,静中有动",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [243, 244] },
                                                                        content: "两种错误观点",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [244, 245] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "夸大静止,否定运动将导致形而上学",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [245, 246] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "夸大运动,否定静止将导致诡辩论",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [247, 248] },
                                                        content: "物质运动与时空",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [249, 250] },
                                                                content: "时空概念",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [250, 251] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "时间是指物质运动的持续性、顺序性,特点是一维性,即一去不复返",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [251, 252] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "空间是指物质运动的广延性、伸张性,特点是三维性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [252, 253] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "和物质的关系:时间和空间是运动着的物质的基本存在形式",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [253, 254] },
                                                                content: "物质运动与时空的关系:不可分割",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [254, 255] },
                                                                        content: "时空是物质运动的时空",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [255, 256] },
                                                                        content: "物质运动是时空中的物质运动",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [256, 257] },
                                                                        content: "时间和空间是物质运动的存在形式",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [257, 258] },
                                                                content: "方法论意义",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [258, 259] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "物质、运动、时间、空间具有内在的统一性。从根本上说,世界上除了运动的物质,什么也没有",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [259, 260] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "想问题,办事情要以具体的时间,地点,条件为转移",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [261, 262] },
                                                content: "物质世界的二重化",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [263, 264] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "人类的出现,特别是人类改造世界的实践活动",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [264, 265] },
                                                                content: "从自然界中分化出人类社会",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [265, 266] },
                                                                content: "从从客观世界中分化出主观世界",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [267, 268] },
                                                content: "物质与意识辩证关系",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [269, 270] },
                                                        content: "意识",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [271, 272] },
                                                                content: "意识的概念",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [273, 274] },
                                                                        content: "意识是自然界长期发展的产物",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [274, 275] },
                                                                        content: "是人脑的机能和属性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [275, 276] },
                                                                        content: "是客观世界的主观映象",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [277, 278] },
                                                                content: "形成过程",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [279, 280] },
                                                                        content: "是自然界长期发展的产物",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [280, 281] },
                                                                        content: "也是社会历史发展的产物",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [281, 282] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "社会实践,特别是劳动,在意识的产生和发展中起着决定的作用",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [283, 284] },
                                                                content: "本质",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [285, 286] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "意识从其本质来看是客观世界的主观映象",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [286, 287] },
                                                                        content: "是客观内容和主观形式的统一",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [287, 288] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "在内容上是客观的,在形式上是主观的",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [288, 289] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "意识是物质的产物,但又不是物质的本身",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [290, 291] },
                                                                content: "特点",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [292, 293] },
                                                                        content: "目的性和计划性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [293, 294] },
                                                                        content: "创造性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [294, 295] },
                                                                        content: "具有指导实践改造客观世界的作用",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [295, 296] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "具有调控人的行为和生理活动的作用",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [297, 298] },
                                                        content: "关系",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "bullet_list",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [299, 314] },
                                                                content: "",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [299, 300] },
                                                                        content: "相互区别",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [300, 301] },
                                                                                content: "物质是本源,意识是派生",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [301, 302] },
                                                                                content: "二者含义不同",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [302, 303] },
                                                                                content: "二者不可相互替代",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [303, 304] },
                                                                        content: "相互联系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [304, 305] },
                                                                                content: "二者可以相互转化",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [305, 306] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "意识对物质既有依赖性也有相互独立性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [306, 307] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "物质决定意识,意识反作用于物质",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [307, 308] },
                                                                                        content: "意识对物质具有反作用",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [308, 309] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "这种反作用就是意识的能动作用,主要表现为",
                                                                                        children: [
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [309, 310],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "意识具有目的性和计划性",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [310, 311],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "意识具有创造性",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [311, 312],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "具有指导实践改造客观世界的作用",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [312, 313],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "具有调控人的行为和生理活动的作用",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                        ],
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [314, 315] },
                                                                content: "主观能动性与客观规律性辩证统一原理",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [316, 317] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "正确认识和把握物质与意识的辩证关系,还需要处理好主观能动性和客观规律性的关系。",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [317, 318] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "规律的含义:规律是事物变化发展过程中本身所固有的内在的本质的必然的联系",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [318, 319] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [319, 320] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "尊重客观规律是正确发挥主观能动性的前提",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [320, 321] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "只有充分发挥主观能动性,才能正确认识和利用客观规律",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [321, 322] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "正确发挥主观能动性的前提和条件:",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [322, 323] },
                                                                                content: "从实际出发是前提",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [323, 324] },
                                                                                content: "实践是根本途径",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [324, 325] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "还依赖于一定的物质条件和物质手段(巧妇难为无米之炊)",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [325, 326] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "结论:因此,尊重事物发展的客观规律性与发挥人的主观能动性是辩证统一的,实践是客观规律性与主观能动性统一的基础",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [326, 327] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义:",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [327, 328] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "在社会历史领域:尊重历史主体选择性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [328, 329] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "坚持遵循客观规律与发展主观能动性相统一,要去充分发扬历史主动精神,",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [330, 331] },
                                                content: "实践",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [332, 333] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "物质世界在漫长的历史演进中,展现出发展的多样性。而人类的产生使自然界的运动变化发生了新的飞跃,并通过人的实践形成了自然与人类社会的区别",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [333, 334] },
                                                        content: "从实践出发理解社会生活的本质",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [334, 335] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "实践是使物质世界分化为自然界与人类社会的历史前提,又是使自然界与人类社会统一起来的现实基础",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [335, 336] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "另一方面,实践是人类社会的基础,是理解和解释一切社会现象的钥匙",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [336, 337] },
                                                                        content: "实践是社会关系形成的基础",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [337, 338] },
                                                                        content: "实践形成了社会生活的基本领域",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [338, 339] },
                                                                        content: "实践构成了社会发展的动力",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [340, 341] },
                                                content: "世界的物质统一性原理",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [342, 343] },
                                                        content: "内容",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [344, 345] },
                                                                content: "世界是统一的,即世界的本原是一个",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [345, 346] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "世界的统一性在于它的物质性,即世界统一的基础是物质",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [346, 347] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "物质世界的统一性是多样性的统一,而不是单一的无差别的统一",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [348, 349] },
                                                        content: "体现",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [350, 351] },
                                                                content: "意识统一于物质",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [351, 352] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "人类社会本质上是生产实践基础上形成的物质体系",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [352, 353] },
                                                                content: "人类社会也统一于物质",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [354, 355] },
                                                content: "意识与人工智能",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [356, 357] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "人工智能实质上是对人脑组织结构和思维运行机制的模仿,是人类智能的物化。人工智能无法真正具有人的意识,不可能取代或超越人类智能",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [357, 358] },
                                                        content: "人类意识是知情意的统一体",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [358, 359] },
                                                        content: "社会性是人的意识所固有的本质属性",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [359, 360] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "人类的自然语言是思维的物质外壳和意识的现实形式",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [360, 361] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "人工智能能够获得人类意识中可以化约为数字信号的内容",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [362, 363] },
                                        content: "辩证法(唯物辩证法)",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [364, 365] },
                                                content: "唯物辩证法的本质是批判的、革命的",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [366, 367] },
                                                content:
                                                    "联系和发展的观点是唯物辩证法的总观点,集中体现了唯物辩证法的总特征",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [368, 369] },
                                                content: "两大总特征——联系与发展的普遍性",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [370, 371] },
                                                        content: "事物的普遍联系",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [371, 372] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "含义:联系是指事物内部各要素之间和事物之间相互影响、相互制约和相互作用的关系",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [372, 373] },
                                                                content: "特点",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [373, 374] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "客观性:坚持联系的客观性就是在联系的观点上坚持了唯物论(事物的联系是本身所固有的,不以人的意志为转移的)",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [374, 375] },
                                                                        content: "普遍性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [375, 376] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "多样性:直接间接,内部外部,本质非本质,必然与偶然联系",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [376, 377] },
                                                                        content: "条件性",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [377, 378] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "条件是对事物存在和发展发生作用的诸要素的综合,对条件要唯物辩证的去看",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [378, 379] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "条件对事物发展和人的活动具有支持或制约的作用,有利条件支持和促进事物的发展和人的活动,不利条件制约和阻碍事物的发展",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [379, 380] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "条件是可以改变的,不利可变有利",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [380, 381] },
                                                                content: "方法:马主义关于事物普遍联系的原理",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [381, 382] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "要求人们要善于分析事物的具体联系,确立整体性、开放性的观念",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [382, 383] },
                                                                        content: "从动态中考察事物的普遍联系",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [383, 384] },
                                                        content: "事物的永恒发展",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [384, 385] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "发展的含义:概括一切形式的变化就是运动,运动变化的基本趋势是发展",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [385, 386] },
                                                                content: "实质:新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [386, 387] },
                                                                content: "新与旧",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [387, 388] },
                                                                        content: "新旧事物标准",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [388, 389] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "新事物是指合乎历史前进方向、具有远大前途的东西",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [389, 390] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "旧事物是指丧失历史必然性、日趋灭亡的东西",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [390, 391] },
                                                                        content: "新事务必将战胜旧事物原因",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [391, 392] },
                                                                                content: "就新事物与环境的关系而言",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [392, 393] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "新事物有新的结构和功能,它适应已经变化了的环境和条件",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [393, 394] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "旧事物的各种要素和功能已不适应环境和客观条件的变化。",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [394, 395] },
                                                                                content: "就新事物与旧事物的关系而言",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [395, 396] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "新事物是在旧事物的"母体"中孕育成熟的,它既否定了旧事物中消极腐朽的东西,又保留了旧事物中合理的、仍然适合新的条件的因素",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [396, 397] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "并添加了旧事物所不能容纳的新内容",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [397, 398] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "方法:坚持事物发展是过程的思想,就要",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [398, 399] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "用历史的眼光看问题,把一切事物如实地看作变化、发展的过程",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [399, 400] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "既要了解它们的过去、观察它们的现在,又要预见它们的未来",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [401, 402] },
                                                content: "三大规律",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [403, 404] },
                                                        content: "对立统一(事物发展的根本规律)",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [405, 406] },
                                                                content: "对立统一是唯物辩证法的实质与核心",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [407, 408] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "对立统一规律解释了揭示了事务普遍联系的根本内容和变化发展的内在动力,从根本上回答了事物为什么会发展的问题",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [408, 409] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "对立统一规律提供了人们认识世界和改造世界的根本方法:矛盾分析法",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [410, 411] },
                                                                content: "同一性与斗争性的辩证统一原理",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [412, 413] },
                                                                        content: "含义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [413, 414] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "矛盾是反映事物内部或事物之间对立统一关系的哲学范畴",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [414, 415] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "矛盾的同一性是指矛盾双方相互依存、相互贯通的性质和趋势",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [415, 416] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "矛盾着的对立面相互依存,互为存在的前提,并共处于一个统一体中",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [416, 417] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "矛盾着的对立面之间相互贯通,在一定条件下相互转化",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [417, 418] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "矛盾的斗争性是指矛盾着的对立面之间相互排斥、相互分离的性质和趋势",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [418, 419] },
                                                                        content: "关系:相互联结、相互制约",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [419, 420] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "同一性不能脱离斗争性而存在,没有斗争性就没有同一性、斗争性寓于同一性之中,没有同一性也就没有斗争性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [420, 421] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "矛盾的斗争性是无条件的、绝对的,矛盾的同一性是有条件的、相对的",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [421, 422] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [422, 423] },
                                                                                content: "事物具有两面性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [423, 424] },
                                                                                content: "看待事物一分为二",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [424, 425] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "把二者结合起来,在斗争性中把握同一性,在同一性中把握斗争性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [425, 426] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "和谐是矛盾的一种特殊表现形式,体现着矛盾双方的相互依存,相互促进,共同发展",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [426, 427] },
                                                                                content: "大力发扬斗争精神",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [428, 429] },
                                                                content: "普遍性与特殊性辩证统一原理",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [430, 431] },
                                                                        content: "含义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [431, 432] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "普遍性:矛盾存在于一切事物中,存在于一切事物发展过程的始终",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [432, 433] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "特殊性:各个具体事物的矛盾及每一矛盾的各个方面在发展的不同阶段上都有其特点",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [433, 434] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "矛盾的特殊性决定了事物的不同性质",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [434, 435] },
                                                                        content: "关系:辩证统一",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [435, 437] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "矛盾的普遍性即矛盾的共性,矛盾的特殊性即<br>\n矛盾的个性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [437, 438] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "共性是无条件的、绝对的,个性是有条件的、相对的",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [438, 439] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "共性寓于个性之中,没有离开个性的共性,也没有离开共性的个性",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [439, 440] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [440, 441] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "认识过程由特殊到一般再到特殊",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [441, 442] },
                                                                                content: "承认矛盾的普遍性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [442, 443] },
                                                                                content: "具体问题具体分析",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [443, 444] },
                                                                                content: "是马主义中国化的哲学基础",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [445, 446] },
                                                                content: "主要矛盾与次要矛盾",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [447, 448] },
                                                                        content: "含义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [448, 449] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "主要矛盾是矛盾体系中处于支配地位,对事务发展起决定性作用的矛盾",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [449, 450] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "次要矛盾是矛盾体系中处于从属地位,对事务发展起次要作用的矛盾",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [450, 451] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [451, 452] },
                                                                                content: "相互区别",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [452, 453] },
                                                                                content: "相互联系",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [453, 454] },
                                                                                content: "一定条件下相互转化",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [454, 455] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [455, 456] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "坚持两点论与重点论的统一,看问题既要全面地看,又要看主流、大势、发展趋势",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [457, 458] },
                                                                content: "矛盾的主次方面",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [459, 460] },
                                                                        content: "含义:略",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [460, 461] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [461, 462] },
                                                                                content: "相互区别",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [462, 463] },
                                                                                content: "相互联系",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [463, 464] },
                                                                                content: "一定条件下相互转化",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [464, 465] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [465, 466] },
                                                                                content: "坚持两点论与重点论的统一",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [467, 468] },
                                                                content: "事物性质取决于主要矛盾之主要方面",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [469, 470] },
                                                        content: "质量互变",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "bullet_list",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [471, 473] },
                                                                content: "",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [471, 472] },
                                                                        content: "事物的量和质在度中统一",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [473, 474] },
                                                                content: "质量辩证统一原理",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [475, 476] },
                                                                        content: "含义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [476, 477] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "质是一事物成为自身并区别于其他事物的内在规定性(<strong>联系对立统一来理解,事物性质取决于主要矛盾之主要方面</strong>)",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [477, 478] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "量是事物的规模、程度、速度等可以用数量关系表示的规定性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [478, 479] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "量是事物的规模、程度、速度等可以用数量关系表示的规定性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [479, 480] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "量变是事物数量的增减和组成要素排列次序的变动,是保持事物质的相对不稳定性的不显著变化,体现了事物发展渐进过程中的连续性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [480, 481] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "质变是事物性质的根本变化,是事物由一种质态向另一种质态的飞跃,体现了事物发展渐进过程和连续性的中断",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [481, 482] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [482, 483] },
                                                                                content: "相互区别、相互联系",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [483, 484] },
                                                                                        content: "量变是质变的必要准备",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [484, 485] },
                                                                                        content: "质变是量变的必然结果",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [485, 486] },
                                                                                        content: "二者相互渗透",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [486, 487] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "体现事物发展的间接性与飞跃性(或曰连续性与阶段性)的统一",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [487, 488] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [488, 489] },
                                                                                content: "注意量的积累",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [489, 490] },
                                                                                content: "抓住机会(引发质的飞跃)",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [490, 491] },
                                                                                content: "要适量",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [491, 492] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "是无产阶级政党制定大政方针之理论依据",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [492, 493] },
                                                                                content: "分析社会发展形势之理论工具",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [493, 494] },
                                                                                content: "指导一切实践活动之思想原则",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [495, 496] },
                                                        content: "否定之否定",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [497, 498] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "事物的发展是通过其内在矛盾运动以自我否定的方式而实现的,否定之否定规律就是要揭示事物自己发展自己的完整过程及其本质",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [498, 499] },
                                                                content: "辩证否定观内涵",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [499, 500] },
                                                                        content: "矛盾双方相互作用下",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [500, 501] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "否定的方面上升至支配地位时,事物就会走向对自身的否定",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [501, 502] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "再进一步走向对否定的否定,即更高阶段的肯定",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [502, 503] },
                                                                content: "两次否定,三个阶段",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [503, 504] },
                                                                        content: "肯定——否定——否定之否定",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [504, 505] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "第一次否定是矛盾的初步解决,但新事物仍具有片面性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [505, 506] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "再次否定实现对立面的统一,使矛盾得到根本解决",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [506, 507] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "该说不说,这里的两次否定的作用说的极其不充分,难以捉摸,还好应该不考",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [507, 508] },
                                                                content: "方法论意义",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [508, 509] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "否定之否定规律揭示了事物发展的前进性和曲折性的统一",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [509, 510] },
                                                                        content: "树立辩证的否定观",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [510, 511] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "虽然道路曲折但前途是光明的(<strong><del>这句话完全是滥用,是错误的!没有对于正确性的证明,前途如何光明?</del></strong>)",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [511, 512] },
                                                                content: "辩证否定与形而上学否定的区别",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [512, 513] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "辩证否定观是内在否定,形而上学是外在否定",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [513, 514] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "辩证否定观是包含肯定的肯定否定,形而上学是绝对否定",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [515, 516] },
                                                        content: "<strong>答题范式</strong>",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "bullet_list",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [517, 524] },
                                                                content: "",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [517, 518] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "注意:<strong>所有辩证统一原理</strong>答题范式如下:",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [518, 519] },
                                                                                content: "<strong>各自含义</strong>",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [519, 520] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "<strong>特征(表现)</strong>(似可略)",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [520, 521] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "<strong>关系(相互依赖、渗透、包含等)</strong>",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [521, 522] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "<strong>方法论(应当怎么做)+反对错误倾向</strong>",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [522, 523] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "请看下边几条。<strong>看看得了,反正也背不过!</strong>",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [524, 525] },
                                                                content: "原因与结果",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [526, 527] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "含义:客观世界到处都存在着引起与被引起的普遍联系,辩证法把这种引起与被引起的关系称为因果关系。其中,引起某种现象的现象叫原因,而被某种现象所引起的现象叫结果",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [527, 528] },
                                                                        content: "关系:原因与结果关系是辩证的",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [528, 529] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "原因与结果的区分既是确定的又是不确定的",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [529, 530] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "原因与结果相互作用,原因产生结果,结果反过来影响原因",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [530, 531] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "二者相互渗透,结果存在于原因之中,原因表现于结果之内",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [531, 532] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "二者的关系是复杂的,有一因多果。多因一果等",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [532, 533] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "方法论意义:正确把握事物的因果联系是自觉的实践活动的必要条件。"凡事预则立,不预则废。"辩证地分析事物的因果关系,分析存在和发展的不同原因及其不同结果,可以增强人们活动的自觉性、预测性和调控性",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [534, 535] },
                                                                content: "必然与偶然",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [536, 537] },
                                                                        content: "含义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [537, 538] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "必然是指事物联系和发展过程中一定要发生、确定不移的趋势",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [538, 539] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "偶然是指事物联系和发展过程中并非确定发生的,可以出现,也可以不出现,可以这样出现,也可以那样出现的不确定的趋势",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [539, 540] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [540, 541] },
                                                                                content: "必然与偶然是有区别的",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [541, 542] },
                                                                                content: "二者又是统一的",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [542, 543] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义:",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [543, 544] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "既要重视事物发展的必然,把握事物发展的总趋势",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [544, 545] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "又要善于从偶然中发现必然,把握有利于事物发展的机遇",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [546, 547] },
                                                                content: "可能与现实",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [548, 549] },
                                                                        content: "含义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [549, 550] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "可能是指事物发展过程中潜在的东西,是指包含在事物中并预示事物发展前途的种种趋势",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [550, 551] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "现实是指相互联系着的实际存在的事物的综合",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [551, 552] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [552, 553] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "现实蕴藏着未来的发展方向,会不断产生出新的可能",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [553, 554] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "可能包含着发展成为现实的因素和根据,一旦主客观条件成熟,可能就会转化为现实",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [554, 556] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "方法论意义:要求人们立足现实,展望未来,注意分析事物发展的各种可能,发挥主观能<br>\n动性,做好应对不利情况的准备,争取实现好的可能。",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [557, 558] },
                                                                content: "现象与本质",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [559, 560] },
                                                                        content: "含义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [560, 561] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "现象是事物的外部联系和表面特征,人们可以通过感官感知",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [561, 562] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "本质则是事物的内在联系和根本性质,只有通过理性思维才能把握",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [562, 563] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [563, 564] },
                                                                                content: "现象与本质是有区别的",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [564, 565] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "现象与本质又是统一的,相互联系、相互依存",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [565, 566] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [566, 567] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "正是因为现象和本质是统一的,所以我们能够通过现象认识事物的本质",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [567, 568] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "同时由于现象和本质是对立的,又要求人们不能停留于现象而必须透过现象揭示本质",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [569, 570] },
                                                                content: "内容与形式",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [571, 572] },
                                                                        content: "含义:",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [572, 573] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "内容是构成事物一切要素的总和,是事物存在的基础",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [573, 574] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "形式是内容诸要素相互结合的结构和表现方式",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [574, 575] },
                                                                        content: "关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [575, 576] },
                                                                                content: "相互依赖,不可分割",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [576, 577] },
                                                                                content: "相互作用,相互影响",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [577, 578] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [578, 579] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "既要重视内容,根据内容的需要决定形式的取舍、改造和创新",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [579, 580] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "又要善于运用形式,发挥其积极作用,利用和创造必要的形式,适时地抛弃与内容不相适应的形式",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [581, 582] },
                                        content: "唯物辩证法是认识世界和改造世界的根本方法",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [583, 584] },
                                                content: "唯物辩证法的本质特征和认识功能",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [584, 585] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "在马克思世界观和方法论中,唯物辩证法是其核心内容(在唯物辩证法中,矛盾分析法是核心),为人们认识世界,改造世界提供了根本方法",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [585, 586] },
                                                        content: "唯物辩证法本质上是批判的和革命的",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [586, 587] },
                                                        content: "是客观辩证法与主观辩证法的统一",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [587, 588] },
                                                        content: "是科学的认识方法",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [588, 589] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "矛盾分析方法的核心是要求善于分析矛盾的特殊性,做到具体矛盾具体分析,对具体情况,具体问题作出具体分析",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                ],
                            },
                            {
                                type: "heading",
                                depth: 1,
                                payload: { lines: [590, 591] },
                                content: "第二章 认识论",
                                children: [
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [592, 593] },
                                        content: "认识与实践",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [594, 595] },
                                                content: "实践",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [596, 597] },
                                                        content: "实践的本质",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [598, 599] },
                                                                content: "错误观点",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [600, 601] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "中国古代哲学:与“知”对应的“行”,主要是道德伦理行为",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [601, 602] },
                                                                        content: "西方哲学史",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [602, 603] },
                                                                                content: "康德:理性自主的道德活动",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [603, 604] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "黑格尔:主观改造客观的创造性精神活动",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [604, 605] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "费尔巴哈:将实践与物质性的活动联系起来,但仅限于日常生活活动,实践等同于生物适应环境",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [606, 607] },
                                                                content: "正确观点",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [608, 609] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "实践是<strong>感性的、对象性</strong>的物质活动",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [609, 610] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "全部<strong>社会生活在本质上是实践的</strong>",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [610, 611] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界,而问题在于改变世界",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [612, 613] },
                                                        content: "实践的特征",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [614, 615] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "<strong>客观实在性:</strong>改造世界的客观物质活动",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [615, 616] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "<strong>自觉能动性:</strong>人类有意识的、有目的的活动(蜜蜂筑巢本领高脑袋空)",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [616, 617] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "<strong>社会历史性:</strong>是社会的、历史的活动",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [618, 619] },
                                                        content: "三要素/基本结构",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [620, 621] },
                                                                content: "主体",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [621, 622] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "具有一定的主体能力,从事现实社会实践活动的人",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [622, 623] },
                                                                content: "客体",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [623, 624] },
                                                                        content: "实践活动所指向的对象",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [624, 625] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "辨析题:实践客体与客观存在的事物不完全等同,客观事物只有在被纳入主题实践活动的范围之内,为主题实践活动所指向并与主体相互作用时才成为现实的实践客体",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [625, 626] },
                                                                content: "中介",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [626, 627] },
                                                                        content: "各种形式的工具,手段以及方法",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [627, 628] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "物质性工具系统,语言符号工具系统",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [629, 630] },
                                                        content: "实践是主客体的双向运动",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [631, 632] },
                                                                content: "主体客体化",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [632, 633] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "主体将自身的需要加载于客体,对客体进行改造,使客体发生变化。其关键点在于客体发生了变化",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [633, 634] },
                                                                content: "客体主体化",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [634, 635] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "客体融入主体,成为主体的一部分,使主体的能力发生变化。其关键点在于主体发生了变化",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [636, 637] },
                                                        content: "形式",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [638, 639] },
                                                                content: "物质生产实践(最基本的实践)",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [639, 640] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "使人类最基本的实践活动,构成全部社会生活的基础",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [640, 641] },
                                                                content: "社会政治实践",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [641, 642] },
                                                                content: "科学文化实践",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [642, 643] },
                                                                        content: "是创造精神文化产品的实践活动",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [643, 644] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "辨析题:看一种活动能否被成为实践活动,关键看他是否超出了纯粹的意识活动,是否改变了除实践主体的意识状态之外的其他存在物的状态(教育是科学文化实践,因为改变了学生的精神状态)",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [644, 645] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "ps: 似乎脱胎于毛泽东同志的三大实践即物质生产、科学实验、阶级斗争",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [646, 647] },
                                                        content: "实践对认识的决定作用",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [648, 649] },
                                                                content: "实践是认识的来源",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [649, 650] },
                                                                        content: "认识的来源只有一个:实践",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [650, 651] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "认识的途径有两个:直接经验和间接经验",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [651, 652] },
                                                                content: "实践是认识发展的动力",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [652, 653] },
                                                                content: "实践是认识的目的",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [653, 654] },
                                                                content: "实践是检验认识的真理性的唯一标准",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [655, 656] },
                                                        content: "科学的实践观及其意义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [657, 658] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "马克思在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》这个包含新世界观天才萌芽的第一个文件中系统阐释了实践的观点:全部社会生活在本质上是实践的(人的本质是全部社会关系的总和)",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [658, 659] },
                                                                content: "意义",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [659, 660] },
                                                                        content: "克服了旧唯物主义的根本缺陷",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [660, 661] },
                                                                        content: "揭示了实践对认识得决定作用",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [661, 662] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "在人类思想史上第一次揭示了社会生活的事件本质,为唯物史观的创立奠定了科学理论基础",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [662, 663] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "为人们能动的认识世界和改造世界提供了基本的思想方法和工作方法",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [664, 665] },
                                                content: "认识",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [666, 667] },
                                                        content: "认识的本质(两条对立的认识路线)",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [668, 669] },
                                                                content: "唯心主义先验论",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [670, 671] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "观点:坚持认识过程是从思想和感觉到物",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [671, 672] },
                                                                        content: "例子",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [672, 673] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "主观唯心主义认为人的认识是主观自生的,是生而知之的",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [673, 674] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "客观唯心主义认为人的认识是上帝的启示或某种客观精神的产物",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [675, 676] },
                                                                content: "唯物主义反映论",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [677, 678] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "观点:坚持认识过程是从物到感觉和思想",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [678, 679] },
                                                                        content: "例子",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [679, 680] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "我国古代唯物主义哲学家况就明确指出,没有什么生而知之,而是求之而后得,认为人的知识和才能都是后天学习积累而成的,而非天性也",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [680, 681] },
                                                                        content: "分类",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [681, 682] },
                                                                                content: "直观反映论",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [682, 683] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "感性直观为基础,消极被动的旧唯物主义认识论",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [683, 684] },
                                                                                        content: "缺陷",
                                                                                        children: [
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [684, 685],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "不了解实践对认识的决定作用",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [685, 686],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "不了解认识的辩证本性,脱离辩证法",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                        ],
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [686, 687] },
                                                                                content: "能动反映论",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [687, 688] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "在实践基础上的能动反映论——辩证唯物主义",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [688, 689] },
                                                                                        content: "优点",
                                                                                        children: [
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [689, 690],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "引入实践的观点",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [690, 691],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content:
                                                                                                    "把辩证法应用于反映论考察认识的发展过程",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                        ],
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [692, 693] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "认识的本质:主体在实践基础上对客体的能动反映",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [694, 695] },
                                                                content: "认识的特征",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [696, 697] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "认识的反应热性是人类认识的基本规定性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [697, 698] },
                                                                        content: "认识作为能动反映具有创造特性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [698, 699] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "反应性和创造性不可分割,反映和创造是同一本质的两个不同的方面",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [700, 701] },
                                                        content: "认识的过程——两次飞跃",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [702, 703] },
                                                                content: "从实践到认识",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [704, 705] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "从实践到认识的飞跃,是感性认识到理性认识的飞跃",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [705, 706] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "感性认识与理性认识的辩证统一原理",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [706, 707] },
                                                                                content: "含义",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [707, 708] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "感性认识是人们在实践基础上,由感觉器官直接感受到的关于事物的现象、事物的外部联系、事物的各个方面的认识,包括感觉、知觉和表象三种形式",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [708, 709] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "理性认识是认识的高级阶段,是指人们借助抽象思维。在概括整理大量感性材料的基础上,达到关于事物的本质、全体、内部联系和事物自身规律性的认识",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [709, 710] },
                                                                                content: "关系:辩证统一",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [710, 711] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "感性认识和理性认识是人对客观世界的两种不同水平的反映形式,是认识的两个不同阶段",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [711, 712] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "感性认识有待于发展深化为理性认识",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [712, 713] },
                                                                                        content: "理性认识依赖于感性认识",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [713, 714] },
                                                                                        content: "二者相互渗透相互包含",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [714, 715] },
                                                                                content: "方法论意义",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [715, 716] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "从实践到认识是认识过程的必然规律",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [716, 717] },
                                                                                content: "错误倾向",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [717, 718] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "如果割裂二者的辩证统一关系,就会走向唯理论或经验论,在实际工作中就会犯教条主义错误或经验主义错误",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [718, 719] },
                                                                        content: "飞跃的条件",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [719, 720] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "勇于实践深入调查,获得丰富和合乎实际的感性材料",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [720, 721] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "二是必须经过理性思考的作用,将丰富的感性材料加工制作",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [721, 722] },
                                                                                content: "必要性与重要性",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [722, 723] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "认识世界的目的是改造世界",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [723, 724] },
                                                                                        content:
                                                                                            "认识的真理性只有在实践中才能得到检验发展",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [725, 726] },
                                                                content: "从认识到实践",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [727, 729] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "从认识到实践,是认识过程的第二个阶段,即由精神到物质的阶段,由思想到<br>\n存在的阶段,是认识过程的第二次能动的飞跃、<strong>更为重要的一次飞跃</strong>",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [729, 730] },
                                                                        content: "必要性与重要性",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [730, 731] },
                                                                                content: "认识世界的目的是改造世界",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [731, 732] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "认识的真理性只有在实践中才能得到检验发展",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [732, 733] },
                                                                        content: "飞跃的条件",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [733, 734] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "需要经过一定的中间环节如确定目的、形成理念、制定方案、科学方法等",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [734, 735] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "从实际出发,坚持理论与实际结合。让理论为群众所掌握从而转化为物质力量",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [736, 737] },
                                                        content: "实践与认识的辩证统一规律:略",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [738, 739] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "认识过程的影响因素(<strong>看看得了</strong>)",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [740, 741] },
                                                                content: "理性因素",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [742, 743] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "概念:人的理性直观、理性思维等能力",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [743, 744] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "作业:指导作用、解释作用、预见作用",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [745, 746] },
                                                                content: "感性因素",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [747, 748] },
                                                                        content: "概念:主体的情感与意志",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [748, 749] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "作用:对人的认识能力和认识活动有激活、控制、驱动作用",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [750, 751] },
                                        content: "真理",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [752, 753] },
                                                content: "真理及其特性",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [754, 755] },
                                                        content: "概念",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [756, 757] },
                                                                content: "错误的真理观",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [758, 759] },
                                                                        content: "主观唯心主义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [759, 760] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "休谟:真理是观念与主题感觉相符合",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [760, 761] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "贝克莱:真理存在与观念之中(就那个质问牛顿无穷小是多小的那位)",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [761, 762] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "康德:真理是思维与其先验形式一致",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [762, 763] },
                                                                        content: "客观唯心主义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [763, 764] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "柏拉图:真理是某种超验的永恒的理念",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [764, 765] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "黑格尔:真理是绝对理念的自我显现",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [766, 767] },
                                                                content: "正确的真理观",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [768, 769] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "真理是标志主观与客观相符合的哲学范畴,是对客观事物及其规律的正确反映",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [769, 770] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "所谓正确反映,是指真理是在实践基础上主体认识对客体本质和规律的符合、一致和接近",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [771, 772] },
                                                        content: "真理的特性",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [773, 774] },
                                                                content: "客观性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [774, 775] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "真理的内容是对客观事物及其规律的正确反映",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [775, 776] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "真理中包含着不依赖于人和人的意识的客观内容",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [776, 777] },
                                                                content: "绝对性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [777, 778] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "任何真理都必然包含同客观对象相符合的客观内容,都同谬误有原则的界限",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [778, 779] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "人类认识按其本性来说,能够正确认识无限发展着的物质世界,认识每前进一步,都是对无限发展着的物质世界的接近,这一点也是无条件的、绝对的",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [779, 780] },
                                                                content: "相对性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [780, 781] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "真理所反映的对象是有条件的、有限的",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [781, 782] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "真理反映客观对象的正确程度也是有条件的、有限的",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [782, 783] },
                                                                content: "绝对性与相对性的辩证统一原理",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [783, 784] },
                                                                        content: "含义:如上,略",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [784, 785] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "关系:辩证统一,相互依存、相互包含",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [785, 786] },
                                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [786, 787] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "正确处理好坚持和发展的辩证关系",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [787, 788] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "对马主义既要坚持、又要发展,在坚持中发展、在发展中坚持",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [788, 789] },
                                                                        content: "错误倾向",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [789, 790] },
                                                                                content: "绝对主义",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [790, 791] },
                                                                                content: "相对主义",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [792, 793] },
                                                        content: "真理的检验标准:略",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [794, 795] },
                                                content: "真理与价值",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [796, 797] },
                                                        content: "价值",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [798, 799] },
                                                                content: "概念",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [800, 801] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "价值是指在实践基础上形成的主体和客体之间的意义关系,是客体对个人、群体乃至整个社会的生活和活动所具有的积极意义",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [802, 803] },
                                                                content: "基本特性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [804, 805] },
                                                                        content: "主体性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [805, 806] },
                                                                        content: "客观性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [806, 807] },
                                                                        content: "多维性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [807, 808] },
                                                                        content: "社会历史性",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [809, 810] },
                                                                content: "价值评价的特点及标准",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [811, 812] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "评价以主客体的价值关系为认识对象",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [812, 813] },
                                                                        content: "评价结果与主体直接相关",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [813, 814] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "评价结果正确性依赖于对客体状况和主体需要的认识",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [815, 816] },
                                                        content: "真理与价值的关系:辩证统一",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [817, 818] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "成功的实践必然以真理与价值的辩证统一为前提",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [818, 819] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "价值的形成与实践以真理为前提,真理由必然具有价值",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [819, 820] },
                                                                content: "相互制约、相互引导、相互促进",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [821, 822] },
                                                        content: "方法论意义:胡诌就行",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [823, 824] },
                                                content: "真理与谬误",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [825, 826] },
                                                        content: "含义:略",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [826, 827] },
                                                        content: "关系:相互区别、相互联系",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [827, 828] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "相互区别:由于真理和谬误决定于认识的内容是否如实地反映了客观事物,因此真理和谬误是性质不同的两种认识,它们是对立的",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [828, 829] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "相互联系:真理和谬误是统一的,它们相互依存、相互转化,二者相比较而存在",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [829, 830] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "方法论意义:<strong>坚持真理,修正错误</strong>",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [831, 832] },
                                        content: "认识世界与改造世界",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [833, 834] },
                                                content:
                                                    "注意:本条可看作本章上述所有内容、所有辩证统一原理的最终的方法论意义",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [835, 836] },
                                                content: "坚持守正创新",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [837, 838] },
                                                content: "从必然走向自由",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [839, 840] },
                                                        content: "自由是对必然的认识和对客观世界的改造",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [841, 842] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "必然性即规律性,指不依赖人的意识而存在的自然和社会发展所固有的客观规律",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [843, 844] },
                                                        content: "自由是历史发展的产物,是有条件的",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [845, 846] },
                                                                content: "认识条件",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [846, 847] },
                                                                content: "实践条件",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                ],
                            },
                            {
                                type: "heading",
                                depth: 1,
                                payload: { lines: [848, 849] },
                                content: "第三章 唯物史观",
                                children: [
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [850, 851] },
                                        content: "社会基本矛盾及其运动规律",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [852, 853] },
                                                content: "唯物史观与唯心史观对立",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [854, 855] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "社会历史观的基本问题:社会存在与社会意识关系",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [856, 857] },
                                                        content: "唯心史观缺陷",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [858, 859] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "至多考察人们活动的思想动机,而没有进一步追究思想动机背后的物质动因",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [859, 860] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "只看到个人在历史上的作用,而忽视人民群众创造历史的决定作用",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [861, 862] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "唯物史观与唯心史观的分水岭:历史创造者问题",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [863, 864] },
                                                content: "社会存在与社会意识辩证关系原理",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [865, 866] },
                                                        content: "含义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [867, 868] },
                                                                content: "社会存在",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [868, 869] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "社会生活的物质方面,是社会实践和物质生活条件的总和",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [869, 870] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "在社会发展中的作用:生产方式是社会历史发展的决定性力量",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [870, 871] },
                                                                        content: "结构组成",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [871, 872] },
                                                                                content: "自然地理环境(影响因素)",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [872, 873] },
                                                                                content: "人口因素(影响因素)",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [873, 874] },
                                                                                content: "物质生产方式(决定性力量)",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [874, 875] },
                                                                                        content: "生产力",
                                                                                        children: [
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [875, 876],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "劳动资料",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [876, 877],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "劳动对象",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [877, 878],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "劳动者",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                        ],
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [878, 879] },
                                                                                        content: "生产关系",
                                                                                        children: [
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [879, 880],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "生产资料所有制关系",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [880, 881],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "生产中人与人的关系",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                            {
                                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                                depth: 9,
                                                                                                payload: {
                                                                                                    lines: [881, 882],
                                                                                                },
                                                                                                content: "产品分配关系",
                                                                                            },
                                                                                        ],
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [882, 883] },
                                                                content: "社会意识",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [883, 884] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "社会意识是社会生活的精神方面,是社会存在的反映。它既包括社会意识的各种形式,也包括社会心理与自发形成的风俗、习惯",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [884, 885] },
                                                                        content: "划分",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [885, 886] },
                                                                                content: "根据不同主体",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [886, 887] },
                                                                                        content: "个体意识",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [887, 888] },
                                                                                        content: "群体意识",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [888, 889] },
                                                                                content: "根据不同层次",
                                                                                children: [
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [889, 890] },
                                                                                        content: "社会心理",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                    {
                                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                                        depth: 8,
                                                                                        payload: { lines: [890, 891] },
                                                                                        content: "社会意识形式",
                                                                                    },
                                                                                ],
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [891, 892] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "属于上层建筑的社会意识形式称为社会意识形态",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [892, 893] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "内容:政治法律思想、道德、艺术、宗教、哲学等",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [893, 894] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "阶级社会中占统治地位的思想文化,本质上是经济上占统治地位的阶级意识形态,因而具有鲜明的阶级性",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [894, 895] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "意识形态与非意识形态的区别核心在于<strong>是否具有阶级性</strong>",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [896, 897] },
                                                        content: "关系",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [898, 899] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识是社会存在的反映",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [899, 900] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "社会意识具有相对独立性,在反映社会存在的同时有特有的发展形式和规律",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [900, 901] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "社会意识与社会存在的发展具有不完全同步性和不平衡性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [901, 902] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "社会意识内部各种形式之间相互影响且各自具有历史继承性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [902, 903] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "社会意识对社会存在的能动的反作用。这是社会意识相对独立性的突出表现",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [904, 905] },
                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [906, 907] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "在人类思想史上第一次正确解决了社会历史观的基本向题",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [907, 908] },
                                                                        content: "它宣告了唯心史观的彻底破产",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [908, 909] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "它使对社会历史的研究真正成为科学",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [909, 910] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "对于社会发展包括社会文化建设具有重要的指导意义",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [910, 911] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "文化是社会意识的重要组成部分,对社会发展具有重要作用",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [911, 912] },
                                                                        content: "文化为社会发展提供思想保证",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [912, 913] },
                                                                        content: "文化为社会发展提供精神动力",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [913, 914] },
                                                                        content: "文化为社会发展提供凝聚力量",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [914, 915] },
                                                                        content: "文化为社会发展提供智力支持。",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [916, 917] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "<strong>物质生产方式是生产力与生产关系的统一</strong>",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [918, 919] },
                                                content:
                                                    "生产力与生产关系矛盾运动规律(第一对社会基本矛盾)",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [920, 921] },
                                                        content: "含义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [922, 923] },
                                                                content: "生产力",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [924, 925] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "生产力是人类在生产实践中形成的改造和影响自然以使其适应社会需要的物质力量",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [925, 926] },
                                                                        content: "基本要素",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [926, 927] },
                                                                                content: "劳动资料",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [927, 928] },
                                                                                content: "劳动对象",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [928, 929] },
                                                                                content: "劳动者",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [929, 930] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "生产力中还包含着科学技术,科技是第一生产力",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [931, 932] },
                                                                content: "生产关系",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [933, 934] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "生产关系是人们在物质生产过程中形成的不以人的意志为转移的经济关系",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [934, 935] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "生产关系是一种客观的物质的社会关系",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [935, 936] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "生产关系具有客观性,本质上是生产力的社会存在形式",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [936, 937] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "生产关系使一种物质利益关系,不是人们的主观愿望和要求",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [938, 939] },
                                                        content: "关系",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [940, 941] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "生产力生产物质内容,生产关系生产社会内容,二者不可分割",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [941, 942] },
                                                                content: "生产力决定生产关系",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [942, 943] },
                                                                content: "生产关系反作用于生产力",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [944, 945] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "矛盾运动规律:生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律,亦称生产力与生产关系的矛盾运动规律",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [946, 947] },
                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [948, 949] },
                                                                content: "理论意义",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [949, 950] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "在人类思想史上彻底否定了以道德说教作为评判历史功过是非的思想体系,第一次科学地确立了生产力发展是社会进步的最高标准",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [950, 951] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "这一规律揭示了社会主义代替资本主义的历史必然性",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [951, 952] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "现实意义:是主义政党始终保持自己先进性质和制定路线、方针、政策的客观依据",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [953, 954] },
                                                        content: "其他",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [955, 956] },
                                                                content: "生产力是物质基础",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [956, 957] },
                                                                content: "生产力工具是区分社会经济实在的依据",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [957, 958] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "生产关系是社会关系的基本关系,生产资料所有制是生产关系的基本关系",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [958, 959] },
                                                                content: "公有制与私有制的特征",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [959, 960] },
                                                                        content: "所有制不同",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [960, 961] },
                                                                        content: "分配方式不同",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [961, 962] },
                                                                        content: "经济关系不同",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [963, 964] },
                                                content:
                                                    "经济基础与上层建筑矛盾运动规律(第二对社会基本矛盾)",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [965, 966] },
                                                        content: "含义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [967, 968] },
                                                                content: "经济基础",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [969, 970] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "经济基础是指由社会一定发展阶段的生产力所决定的生产关系的总和",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [970, 971] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "经济基础的实质是社会一定发展阶段上的基本经济制度,是制度化的物质社会关系",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [971, 972] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "经济基础与经济体制具有内在联系",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [973, 974] },
                                                                content: "上层建筑",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [975, 976] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "上层建筑是指建立在一定经济基础之上的意识形态以及相应的制度、组织和设施。",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [976, 977] },
                                                                        content: "政治是上层建筑的主导",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [978, 979] },
                                                        content: "辩证关系",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [980, 981] },
                                                                content: "经济基础决定上层建筑",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [982, 983] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "经济基础是物质基础,上层建筑是思想条件",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [983, 984] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "经济基础的需要决定上层建筑的产生",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [984, 985] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "经济基础的性质决定上层建筑的性质",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [985, 986] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "经济基础的变更决定上层建筑的变革",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [987, 988] },
                                                                content: "上层建筑反作用于经济基础",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [989, 990] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "这种反作用集中表现在为自己的经济基础服务",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [990, 991] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "为适合生产力发展的经济基础服务,推动社会发展",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [991, 992] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "为束缚生产力发展的经济基础服务,阻碍社会发展",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [993, 994] },
                                                        content: "矛盾运动及其规律",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [995, 996] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "新建立起来的上层建筑总有某些不完善的地方,不能完全适应经济基础的要求",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [996, 997] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "上层建筑一旦形成,就成为一种相对独立的力量,它有脱离经济基础的倾向",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [997, 999] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "经济基础总会变化,不会立即在上层建筑中得到反映,造成上层建筑落<br>\n后于经济基础",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [999, 1001] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "当生产力的发展要求变革已经陈旧的经济基础时,仍然维护这种经济基础的上层建筑<br>\n就成为经济基础和生产力发展的严重阻碍,它们之间的矛盾就趋于尖锐化",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1002, 1003] },
                                                        content: "方法论意义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1004, 1005] },
                                                                content: "是我们观察和研究社会历史的一把钥匙",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1005, 1006] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "是我们党制定路线、方针、政策的重要依据",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1007, 1008] },
                                                content: "人类普遍交往与世界历史的发展",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1009, 1010] },
                                                        content: "国家",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1011, 1012] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "国家的实质是阶级统治的工具,是阶级矛盾不可调和的表现",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1012, 1013] },
                                                                content: "国家的职能",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1013, 1014] },
                                                                        content: "政治统治",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1014, 1015] },
                                                                        content: "社会管理",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1015, 1016] },
                                                                content: "体制",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1016, 1017] },
                                                                        content: "国体:社会各界及在国家中的地位",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1017, 1018] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "政体:统治阶级实现其阶级统治的具体组织形式",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1018, 1019] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "国体决定政体,政体服从国体。政体为国体服务,并对保证国家的性质起重要作用",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1019, 1020] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "在中国,上层建筑对经济基础的保护是为了保护最广大人民群众的物质利益",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1021, 1022] },
                                                        content: "交往",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1023, 1024] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "xxxx 在物质和精神上相互往来、作用、彼此联系的活动",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1024, 1025] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "生产力的发展水平直接制约着交往的水平",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1025, 1026] },
                                                                content: "分类",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1026, 1027] },
                                                                        content: "物质交往",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1027, 1028] },
                                                                        content: "精神交往",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1028, 1029] },
                                                                content: "四个影响",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1029, 1030] },
                                                                        content: "促进生产力发展",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1030, 1031] },
                                                                        content: "促进社会关系进步",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1031, 1032] },
                                                                        content: "促进文化发展传播",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1032, 1033] },
                                                                        content: "促进人的全面发展",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1034, 1035] },
                                                        content: "世界历史",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1036, 1037] },
                                                                content: "含义",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1038, 1039] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "各民族、国家通过普遍交往,打破孤立隔绝状态,进入相互依存、相互联系的世界整体化的历史",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1040, 1041] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    '人类历史<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>→</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\\rightarrow</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.3669em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span></span></span></span>世界历史',
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1042, 1043] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "人类历史向世界历史的转变是资本主义生产方式和向世界扩张的结果",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1043, 1044] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "世界历史的形成反过来促进了生产力发展和人类普遍交往,推动社会发展,为人的发展创造条件",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1044, 1045] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "生产方式发展变革是世界历史形成与发展的基础",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1046, 1047] },
                                                content: "社会形态更替的一般规律及特殊形式",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1048, 1049] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "含义:社会形态是同生产力发展一定阶段相适应的<strong>经济基础与上层建筑的统一体</strong>",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1049, 1050] },
                                                        content: "特点",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1050, 1051] },
                                                                content: "社会形态内容是全面的",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1051, 1052] },
                                                                        content: "既包括经济基础也包括上层建筑",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1052, 1053] },
                                                                        content: "二者缺一不可",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1053, 1054] },
                                                                content: "社会形态是具体的,不是抽象的",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1054, 1055] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "社会形态是历史的,有其产生、发展和灭亡的过程",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1055, 1056] },
                                                        content: "社会形态更替特点",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1056, 1057] },
                                                                content: "决定性因素为社会历史发展规律",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1057, 1058] },
                                                                content: "社会形态更替的统一性与多样性",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1058, 1059] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "社会形态更替的必然性与人们的历史选择性",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1059, 1060] },
                                                                        content: "历史选择性决定因素",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [1060, 1061] },
                                                                                content: "民族利益",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [1061, 1062] },
                                                                                content: "民族交往",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [1062, 1063] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "对历史必然性及本民族特点的把握程度",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1063, 1064] },
                                                                content: "社会形态更替的前进性与曲折性",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1064, 1065] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "生产力和生产关系矛盾运动的规律性从根本上规定了社会形态更替的必然性",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1065, 1066] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "文明的含义:文明是人类创造的所有物质成果、精神成果和制度成果的总和",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [1067, 1068] },
                                        content: "社会历史发展动力",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1069, 1070] },
                                                content:
                                                    "对社会历史发展动力的认识不同,是唯物主义与唯心主义的又一区别",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1071, 1072] },
                                                content: "社会基本矛盾是社会发展根本动力(第一动力)",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1073, 1074] },
                                                        content: "社会基本矛盾",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1075, 1076] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "生产力和生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾是社会基本矛盾",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1077, 1078] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "这两对矛盾所涉及的三个方面,即生产力、生产关系(经济基础)和上层建筑,囊括了社会生活的基本领域",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1078, 1079] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "这两对矛盾存在于每个社会形态之中,贯穿于人类社会发展过程的始终",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1079, 1080] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "这两对矛盾规定了社会发展过程中各种社会形态、社会制度的基本性质",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1080, 1081] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "这两对矛盾是其他一切社会矛盾的根源,决定并制约其他社会矛盾的存在和解决",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1081, 1082] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "这两对矛盾运动所体现的生产力、生产关系(经济基础)、上层建筑之间的本质的必然的联系,形成了社会发展的基本规律,即两个“一定要适合”的规律。",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1083, 1084] },
                                                                content: "在历史发展中的作用/表现",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1085, 1086] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "生产力是社会基本矛盾运动中最基本的动力因素,是人类社会发展和进步的最终决定力量",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1086, 1087] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "社会基本矛盾特别是生产力和生产关系的矛盾,是一切历史冲突的根源,决定着社会中其他矛盾的存在和发展",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1087, 1088] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "社会基本矛盾具有不同的表现形式和解决方式,并从根本上影响和促进社会形态的变化和发展。",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1089, 1090] },
                                                                content: "社会主要矛盾的转化原理",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1091, 1092] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "含义:主要矛盾是什么,社会主要矛盾又是什么",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1092, 1093] },
                                                                        content: "关系:辩证统一",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [1093, 1094] },
                                                                                content: "矛盾双方的相互转化",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1094, 1095] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "方法论意义:坚持两点论与重点论的统一",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "heading",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1096, 1097] },
                                                                content: "社会基本矛盾分析方法及其意义",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1098, 1099] },
                                                content:
                                                    "阶级斗争和社会革命在阶级社会发展中的作用(第二动力,直接动力)",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1100, 1101] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "阶级斗争是社会基本矛盾在阶级社会中的直接表现,是阶级社会发展的直接动力",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1102, 1103] },
                                                        content: "社会革命的含义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1103, 1104] },
                                                                content: "新旧政权的交替",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1104, 1105] },
                                                                content: "有深远影响的改革",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1105, 1106] },
                                                        content: "阶级对立的根据是物质利益的冲突",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1106, 1107] },
                                                        content: "革命的根源:社会基本矛盾的尖锐化",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1107, 1108] },
                                                        content: "革命的三个作用",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1108, 1109] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "社会革命是实现社会形态更替的重要手段和决定性环节",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1109, 1110] },
                                                                content: "能充分发挥人民群众创造历史的积极性",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1110, 1111] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "教育和锻炼包括革命阶级在内的广大人民群众",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1111, 1112] },
                                                        content: "改革的性质及其在社会发展中的作用",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1112, 1113] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "改革是同一种社会形态发展中的量变与部分质变,是社会制度自我调整完善的有效手段",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1114, 1115] },
                                                content: "科学技术在社会发展中的作用(重要动力)",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1116, 1117] },
                                                content: "文化在社会发展中的作用(重要动力)",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1118, 1119] },
                                                        content: "社会发展的思想指引",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1119, 1120] },
                                                        content: "社会发展的精神动力",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1120, 1121] },
                                                        content: "社会发展的凝聚力量",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [1122, 1123] },
                                        content: "人民群众在历史发展中的作用",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1124, 1125] },
                                                content:
                                                    "历史的创造者问题,是唯物史观与唯心史观的分水岭",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1126, 1127] },
                                                        content: "英雄史观的根源",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1128, 1129] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "认识根源:停留于历史现象的表变,夸大英雄人物作用并绝对化",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1129, 1130] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "社会历史根源:生产力水平低,社会政治统治和精神生活被少数人垄断",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1130, 1131] },
                                                                content: "阶级根源:剥削阶级偏见",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1132, 1133] },
                                                        content: "唯物史观考察历史创造者的原则",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1134, 1135] },
                                                                content: "立足于现实的人及其本质",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1135, 1136] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "现实的人,不是处在某种虚幻的离群索居和固定不变状态中的人,而是处在现实的、可以通过经验观察到的、在一定条件下进行的发展过程中的人",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1136, 1137] },
                                                                        content: "人的本质",
                                                                        children: [
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [1137, 1138] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "人与动物的区别:人的本质在于劳动",
                                                                            },
                                                                            {
                                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                                depth: 7,
                                                                                payload: { lines: [1138, 1139] },
                                                                                content:
                                                                                    "人与人的区别:人是一切社会关系的总和",
                                                                            },
                                                                        ],
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1139, 1140] },
                                                                content: "立足于整体的社会历史过程",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1140, 1141] },
                                                                content: "从历史发展的必然性入手",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1141, 1142] },
                                                                content: "从人与历史关系的不同层次上考察",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1143, 1144] },
                                                content: "人民群众的范畴",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1145, 1146] },
                                                        content: "全体社会主义劳动者",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1146, 1147] },
                                                        content: "社会主义事业的建设者",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1147, 1148] },
                                                        content: "拥护社会主义事业的爱国者",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1148, 1149] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "拥护祖国统一和致力于实现中华民族伟大复兴的爱国者",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1150, 1151] },
                                                content: "人民群众是历史创造者的原因",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1152, 1153] },
                                                        content: "人民群众是物质财富的生产者",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1153, 1154] },
                                                        content: "人民群众是精神财富的生产者",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1154, 1155] },
                                                        content: "人民群众是社会变革的推动者",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1156, 1157] },
                                                content: "创造历史的过程,本身受到历史的制约",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1158, 1159] },
                                                        content: "经济上",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1159, 1160] },
                                                        content: "政治上",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1160, 1161] },
                                                        content: "精神文化上",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1162, 1163] },
                                                content: "分析人物",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1164, 1165] },
                                                        content: "历史人物必然性与偶然性的统一",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1166, 1167] },
                                                        content: "分析人物的方法",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1168, 1169] },
                                                                content: "历史分析法",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1169, 1170] },
                                                                content: "阶级分析法",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                ],
                            },
                            {
                                type: "heading",
                                depth: 1,
                                payload: { lines: [1171, 1172] },
                                content: "第四章 资本主义本质及其规律",
                                children: [
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [1173, 1174] },
                                        content: "两种经济",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1175, 1176] },
                                                content:
                                                    "自然经济:满足自己的需要,不以交换为目的。同社会生产力水平低和社会分工不发达相适应",
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1176, 1177] },
                                                content: "商品经济:以交换为目的。本质就是交换",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1177, 1178] },
                                                        content: "产生的社会历史条件",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1178, 1179] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "<strong>生产资料和劳动产品属于不同的所有者</strong>",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1179, 1180] },
                                                                content: "存在社会分工",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [1181, 1182] },
                                        content: "商品经济及价值规律",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1183, 1184] },
                                                content: "资本主义生产关系与生产方式",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1185, 1186] },
                                                        content: "资本主义生产关系的产生",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1187, 1188] },
                                                                content: "从小商品经济分化出来",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1188, 1189] },
                                                                content: "从商人和高利贷者转化而成",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1190, 1191] },
                                                        content: "资本原始积累",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1192, 1193] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "概念:生产者预生产资料相分离,货币资本迅速集中到少数人手中的历史过程",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1193, 1194] },
                                                                content: "途径",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1194, 1195] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "暴力手段剥夺农民土地(英国圈地运动)",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1195, 1196] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "暴力手段掠夺货币财富(殖民扩张)",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "heading",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1197, 1198] },
                                                        content: "资本主义生产方式的确立",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1199, 1200] },
                                                                content: "资产阶级革命",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1200, 1201] },
                                                                content: "产业革命(第一次工业革命)",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1202, 1203] },
                                                content: "商品的含义",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1204, 1205] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "能用来交换、满足人的某种需要的劳动产品,是使用价值和价值的矛盾统一体",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1206, 1207] },
                                                content: "商品经济产生的历史条件",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1208, 1209] },
                                                        content: "社会分工的存在",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1209, 1210] },
                                                        content: "生产资料和劳动产品属于不同的所有者",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1211, 1212] },
                                                content: "商品二因素",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1213, 1214] },
                                                        content: "含义",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1214, 1215] },
                                                                content: "使用价值",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1215, 1216] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "概念:使用价值是指商品能满足人们某种需要的属性,即商品的有用性",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1216, 1217] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "特点:反映人与自然之间的物质关系,是商品的自然属性,是一切劳动产品共有的属性。使用价值构成社会财富的物质内容",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1217, 1218] },
                                                                content: "价值",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1218, 1219] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "概念:凝结在商品中的无差别的一般人类劳动,即人类脑力和体力的耗费,是<strong>商品特有的社会属性</strong>",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1219, 1220] },
                                                        content: "关系:对立统一",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1220, 1221] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "对立:商品的使用价值和价值是相互排斥的,二者不可兼得",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1221, 1222] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "统一:作为商品,使用价值和价值二者缺一不可。",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1222, 1223] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "一种物品如果没有使用价值,即使人们为它付出了劳动,也没有价值",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1223, 1224] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "一种物品尽管具有使用价值,但如果不是劳动产品,也没有价值",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1225, 1226] },
                                                content: "生产商品的劳动二重性",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1227, 1228] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "商品是劳动商品,生产商品的劳动可分为具体劳动与抽象劳动",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1228, 1229] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "具体劳动:指生产一定使用价值的具体形式的劳动,即有用劳动",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1229, 1230] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "抽象劳动:指撇开一切具体形式的、无差别的一般人类劳动,即人的体力和脑力的消耗",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1230, 1231] },
                                                        content: "劳动二重性决定了商品二因素",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1231, 1232] },
                                                                content: "具体劳动生产使用价值",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1232, 1233] },
                                                                content: "抽象劳动生产价值",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1233, 1234] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "具体劳动与抽象劳动关系:二者是同一劳动的两种规定",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [1235, 1236] },
                                        content: "价值的衡量",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "bullet_list",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1237, 1244] },
                                                content: "",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1237, 1238] },
                                                        content: "价值包括质和量",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1238, 1239] },
                                                                content: "质:即实体是凝结在商品中的劳动",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1239, 1240] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "量:由生产商品所耗费的劳动量决定,而劳动量则按劳动时间来计量",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1240, 1241] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "决定商品价值量的,不是生产商品的个别劳动时间,而是<strong>社会必要劳动时间</strong>",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1241, 1242] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "<strong>商品的价值量与生产商品所耗费的劳动时间成正比,与劳动生产率成反比</strong>",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1242, 1243] },
                                                        content: "简单劳动与复杂劳动:略",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1244, 1245] },
                                                content: "货币",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1246, 1247] },
                                                        content: "含义:一般等价物",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1247, 1248] },
                                                        content: "特征/基本职能",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1248, 1249] },
                                                                content: "价值尺度",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1249, 1250] },
                                                                content: "流通手段",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1250, 1251] },
                                                                content: "贮藏手段",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1251, 1252] },
                                                                content: "支付手段",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1252, 1253] },
                                                                content: "世界货币",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1253, 1254] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "货币产生后整个商品世界的变化:分化为两极",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1254, 1255] },
                                                                content: "一极:货币",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1255, 1256] },
                                                                content: "另一极:商品",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1256, 1257] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "<strong>货币的出现无法解决商品经济基本矛盾,反而扩大和加深了,因而商品转换到货币是“惊险一跃”</strong>",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1258, 1259] },
                                                content: "价值规律",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1260, 1261] },
                                                        content: "基本内容",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1261, 1262] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "商品的价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定",
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1262, 1263] },
                                                                content:
                                                                    "商品交换以价值量为基础,按照等价交换的原则进行",
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1263, 1264] },
                                                        content: "表现形式:价格围绕价值自发上下波动",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1264, 1265] },
                                                        content: "作用",
                                                        children: [
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1265, 1266] },
                                                                content: "积极",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1266, 1267] },
                                                                        content:
                                                                            "自发调节生产资料和劳动力在社会各生产部门之间的分配比例",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1267, 1268] },
                                                                        content: "自发刺激社会生产力的发展",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1268, 1269] },
                                                                        content: "自发调节社会收入分配",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                            {
                                                                type: "list_item",
                                                                depth: 5,
                                                                payload: { lines: [1269, 1270] },
                                                                content: "消极",
                                                                children: [
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1270, 1271] },
                                                                        content: "导致社会资源浪费",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1271, 1272] },
                                                                        content: "导致收入两极分化",
                                                                    },
                                                                    {
                                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                                        depth: 6,
                                                                        payload: { lines: [1272, 1273] },
                                                                        content: "阻碍技术进步",
                                                                    },
                                                                ],
                                                            },
                                                        ],
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [1274, 1275] },
                                        content: "私有制基础上商品经济的基本矛盾",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1276, 1277] },
                                                content:
                                                    "<strong>私人劳动和社会劳动的矛盾构成私有制商品经济的基本矛盾</strong>",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1277, 1278] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "私人劳动和社会劳动的矛盾决定着商品经济的本质及其发展过程",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1278, 1279] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "私人劳动和社会劳动的矛盾是商品经济其他一切矛盾的基础",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1279, 1280] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "私人劳动和社会劳动的矛盾决定着商品生产者的命运",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "list_item",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1280, 1281] },
                                                content:
                                                    "私人劳动和社会劳动之间的矛盾在资本主义制度下,<strong>进一步发展成资本主义的基本矛盾,即生产资料的资本主义私人占有和生产社会化之间的矛盾</strong>",
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                    {
                                        type: "heading",
                                        depth: 2,
                                        payload: { lines: [1282, 1283] },
                                        content: "马克思劳动价值论的意义/当代价值",
                                        children: [
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1284, 1285] },
                                                content: "理论和实践意义",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1286, 1287] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "扬弃了英国古典政治经济学的观点,为剩余价值理论的创立奠定了基础",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1287, 1288] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "揭示了私有制条件下商品经济的基本矛盾,为从物与物的关系背后揭示人与人的关系提供了理论依据",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1288, 1289] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "揭示了商品经济的一般规律,对理解社会主义市场经济具有指导意义",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                            {
                                                type: "heading",
                                                depth: 3,
                                                payload: { lines: [1290, 1291] },
                                                content: "深化对马克思劳动价值论的认识",
                                                children: [
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1292, 1293] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "深化对创造价值的劳动的认识,对生产性劳动作出新的界定",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1293, 1294] },
                                                        content:
                                                            "深化对科技人员、经营管理人员在社会生产和价值创造中所起的作用的认识",
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        type: "list_item",
                                                        depth: 4,
                                                        payload: { lines: [1294, 1295] },
                                                        content: "深化对价值创造与价值分配关系的认识",
                                                    },
                                                ],
                                            },
                                        ],
                                    },
                                ],
                            },
                        ],
                    },
                    {}
                );
            </script>
            <p class="time">2023.6.14</p>
            <script src="https://www.qin-juan-ge-zhu.top/common/js/comment4works.js"></script>
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