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|
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<title>《矛盾论》提纲</title>
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<p class="title">《矛盾论》提纲</p>
<span>
<p>毛泽东同志的著作,个人以《毛泽东选集》第一卷的三篇文章最为要紧:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19251201.htm">中国社会各阶级的分析</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-193707.htm">实践论</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-193708.htm">矛盾论</a></li>
</ul>
<p>而以<a
href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19560425.htm">论十大关系</a>、<a
href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19510520.htm">应当重视电影《武训传》的讨论</a>、<a
href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19570227.htm">关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题</a>几篇为其辅弼。
</p>
</span>
<p><span>上述几篇文章,读后顿生拨云见月之感:原来世界是这个样子的!原来我自己是这样想的!</span></p>
<p><span>于是为人打下思维的基础,就好像在人脑装了一个精妙的操作系统,一切的硬件、软件,好用的、好玩的、简单的、难以理解的,都可以通过这个操作系统得到解答与指示。</span></p>
<p><span>《矛盾论》太长,这是我做的提纲,希望能对看到的人(包括以后的自己)有所帮助。</span></p>
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content: "发展是减少和增加,是重复",
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content: "用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界",
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"从<strong>事物内部、一事物对其他事物的关系</strong>来研究事物发展",
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"如果简单的机械移动本身包含着矛盾,那么,物质的更高的运动形式,特别是有机生命及其发展,就更加包含着矛盾",
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"矛盾不是一开始就在过程中出现的,而是发展到一定阶段才出现",
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"举例:苏联条件下富农与一般农民只有差异没有矛盾",
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"假定该说法成立,则在产生矛盾之前的过程发展是出于外因而不是内部矛盾的原因,回到了形而上学的外因论和机械论",
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"<strong>差异本身就是矛盾</strong>,矛盾一直存在,只是有没有激化而已",
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"马克思典范地应用于《资本论》全书,从资本主义的细胞——商品交换,来分析资本主义社会的一切矛盾",
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"学会该方法,正确地分析中国革命历史和现状,并推断革命的未来",
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payload: { lines: [91, 92] },
content:
"任何运动形式的矛盾规定其区别于其他运动形式的特殊本质",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [92, 93] },
content: "所有物质运动形式都相互依存但本质不同",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [93, 94] },
content: "人类的认识过程",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [94, 95] },
content:
"<strong>由特殊到一般</strong>来认识诸种事物的共同矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [95, 96] },
content:
"而后<strong>由一般到特殊</strong>,以此为指导研究尚未深入研究过的事物来丰富和发展这种共同认识。",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [96, 97] },
content: "特殊性所决定的矛盾之间的复杂性",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [97, 98] },
content: "大事物包含许多矛盾,情形复杂",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [98, 99] },
content: "中国资产阶级民主革命情形复杂",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [99, 100] },
content:
"中国社会各被压迫阶级和帝国主义的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [100, 101] },
content: "人民大众与封建制度的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [101, 102] },
content: "无产阶级与资产阶级的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [102, 103] },
content:
"农民及城市小资产阶级与资产阶级的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [103, 104] },
content: "各反动统治集团间的矛盾",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [104, 105] },
content:
"各个矛盾不能一律看待,矛盾的两方面也不能一律看待",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [105, 106] },
content: "驳教条主义",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [106, 107] },
content:
"我们的教条主义者是懒汉,他们拒绝对于具体事务做任何艰苦的研究工作",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [107, 108] },
content:
"他们把一般真理看成是凭空出现的东西,把它变为人们所不能够捉摸的纯粹抽象的公式",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [108, 109] },
content:
"完全否认并颠倒了这个人类认识真理的正常秩序",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [109, 110] },
content:
"他们也不懂得人类认识的两个过程的互相联结——由特殊到一般,再由一般到特殊",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [110, 111] },
content:
"结论:他们完全不懂得马克思主义的认识论",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [111, 112] },
content: "指导",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [112, 113] },
content:
"不但要在各个矛盾的总体上即各个矛盾的联结上了解特殊性,而且只有从矛盾的各个方面着手研究才有可能了解其总体",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [113, 114] },
content: "所谓了解矛盾的各个方面,就是:",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [114, 115] },
content:
"了解它们每一方面各占何等特定的地位,各用何种具体形式和对方发生互相依存又互相矛盾的关系",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [115, 116] },
content:
"在互相依存又互相矛盾中,以及依存破裂后,又各用何种具体的方法和对方作斗争",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [116, 117] },
content: "特殊性所决定的特殊的解决方法",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [117, 118] },
content: "应当改正错误方法",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [118, 119] },
content: "忌主观",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [119, 120] },
content: "不用唯物主义的观点看问题",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [120, 121] },
content: "忌片面",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [121, 122] },
content:
"<strong>不知道全面地看问题,不了解矛盾各方的特点,这就叫做片面地看问题,或者叫做只看见局部不看见整体,只看见树木不看见森林</strong>",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [122, 123] },
content: "举例",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [123, 124] },
content: "革命战争中",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [124, 125] },
content:
"只了解中国一方、不了解日本一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [125, 126] },
content:
"只了解共产党一方、不了解国民党一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [126, 127] },
content:
"只了解无产阶级一方、不了解资产阶级一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [127, 128] },
content:
"只了解农民一方、不了解地主一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [128, 129] },
content:
"只了解顺利情形一方、不了解困难情形一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [129, 130] },
content:
"只了解过去一方、不了解将来一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [130, 131] },
content:
"只了解个体一方、不了解总体一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [131, 132] },
content:
"只了解缺点一方、不了解成绩一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [132, 133] },
content:
"只了解原告一方、不了解被告一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [133, 134] },
content:
"只了解革命的秘密工作一方、不了解革命的公开工作一方",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [134, 135] },
content: "……",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [135, 136] },
content: "水浒",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 8,
payload: { lines: [136, 137] },
content:
"宋江三打祝家庄,两次都因情况不明,方法不对,打了败仗。后来改变方法,从调查情形入手,于是熟悉了盘陀路,拆散了李家庄、扈家庄和祝家庄的联盟,并且布置了藏在敌人营盘里的伏兵,用了和外国故事中所说木马计相像的方法,第三次就打了胜仗。",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [137, 138] },
content: "忌表面",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [138, 139] },
content:
"对矛盾总体和矛盾各方的特点都不去看,否认深入事物里面精细地研究矛盾特点的必要,仅仅站在那里远远地望一望,粗枝大叶地看到一点矛盾的形相,就想动手去解决矛盾(答复问题、解决纠纷、处理工作、指挥战争)",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [139, 140] },
content: "具体问题具体分析的例子",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [140, 141] },
content: "劳资矛盾——社会主义革命",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [141, 142] },
content: "群众和封建制度的矛盾——民主革命",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [142, 143] },
content: "殖民地和帝国主义矛盾——民族革命战争",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [143, 144] },
content:
"社会主义社会工农矛盾——农业集体化、机械化",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [144, 145] },
content: "党内矛盾——批评与自我批评",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [145, 146] },
content: "社会与自然的矛盾——发展生产力",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [146, 147] },
content: "驳教条主义者",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [147, 148] },
content:
"不了解诸种革命情况的区别,因而比了解应用不同方法解决不同矛盾,千篇一律到处硬套自以为不可改变的公式,使革命遭受挫折或者好事办坏",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [148, 149] },
content:
"不动脑均具体分析任何事物,文章或演说空洞无物八股调",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [149, 150] },
content: "矛盾的阶段性",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [150, 151] },
content: "原因",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [151, 152] },
content:
"根本矛盾及所规定的本质不到事物完结绝不消失",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [152, 153] },
content:
"各阶段主要矛盾激化、次要矛盾或激化或消灭,因而各阶段存在区别",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [153, 154] },
content: "举例",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [154, 155] },
content: "自由资本主义到帝国主义",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [155, 156] },
content:
"无产阶级和资产阶级这两个根本矛盾的阶级的性质和社会的资本主义本质,并未变化",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [156, 157] },
content: "阶级的矛盾激化了",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [157, 158] },
content: "独占资本和自有资本之间的矛盾发生了",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [158, 159] },
content: "宗主国与殖民地矛盾激化了",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [159, 160] },
content:
"各资本主义国家间的矛盾即由各国发展不平衡的状态引起的矛盾,特别尖锐地表现出来了",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [160, 161] },
content:
"因此形成了资本主义的特殊阶段——帝国主义",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [161, 162] },
content: "中国革命",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [162, 163] },
content:
"资产阶级领导时期的革命和在无产阶级领导时期的革命,区别为两个很大不同的历史阶段。",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [163, 164] },
content:
"由于无产阶级的领导,根本地改变了革命的面貌,引出了阶级关系的新调度",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [164, 165] },
content: "农民革命的大发动",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [165, 166] },
content:
"反帝国主义和反封建主义的革命彻底性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [166, 167] },
content:
"由民主革命转变到社会主义革命的可能性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [167, 168] },
content:
"所有这些,都是在资产阶级领导革命时期不可能出现的。",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [168, 169] },
content:
"整个过程中根本矛盾的性质,并没有变化,但是,二十多年中经过了几个发展阶段",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [169, 170] },
content: "辛亥革命失败和北洋军阀统治",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [170, 171] },
content:
"第一次民族统一战线的建立和一九二四年至一九二七年的革命",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [171, 172] },
content:
"统一战线破裂和资产阶级转入反革命",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [172, 173] },
content: "新的军阀战争,土地革命战争",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [173, 174] },
content:
"第二次民族统一战线建立和抗日战争",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [174, 175] },
content: "在这些阶段中,包含着以下特殊情形",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [175, 176] },
content:
"有些矛盾激化了(例如土地革命战争和日本侵入东北四省)",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [176, 177] },
content:
"有些矛盾部分地或暂时地解决了(例如北洋军阀的被消灭,我们没收了地主的土地)",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [177, 178] },
content:
"有些矛盾重新发生了(例如新军阀之间的斗争,南方各革命根据地丧失后地主又重新收回土地)",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [178, 179] },
content: "矛盾的方面性",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [179, 180] },
content: "国共双方",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [180, 181] },
content: "国民党方面",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [181, 182] },
content:
"第一次统一战线时期,实行了孙中山的联俄、联共、援助工农的三大政策,是革命的、有朝气的,是各阶级的民主革命的联盟",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [182, 183] },
content:
"1927年以后,变到了与此相反的方面,成了地主和大资产阶级的反动集团",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [183, 184] },
content:
"西安事变后又开始向停止内战、联合共产党共同反对日本帝国主义这个方面转变",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [184, 185] },
content: "共产党方面",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [185, 186] },
content:
"第一次统一战线时期,是幼年的党,它英勇地领导了1924-1927年的革命;但在对于革命的性质、任务和方法的认识方面,却表现了它的幼年性,因此在这次革命的后期所发生的陈独秀主义能够起作用,使这次革命遭受了失败",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [186, 187] },
content:
"1927年以后,它又英勇地领导了土地革命战争,创立了革命的军队和革命的根据地,但是它也犯过冒险主义的错误,使军队和根据地都受了很大的损失",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [187, 188] },
content:
"1935年以后,它又纠正了冒险主义的错误,领导了新的抗日的统一战线,在这个阶段上,是一个经过了两次革命的考验、有了丰富的经验的党",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [188, 189] },
content:
"不研究这些特点,就不能了解两党在各个发展阶段上的特殊的相互关系:统一战线的建立,统一战线的破裂,再一个统一战线的建立",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [189, 190] },
content:
"而要研究两党的种种特点,更根本的就必须研究这两党的阶级基础以及因此在各个时期所形成的它们和其它方面的矛盾的对立",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [190, 191] },
content: "结论",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [191, 192] },
content: "矛盾的特性",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [192, 193] },
content: "各个物质运动形式的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [193, 194] },
content: "各个运动形式在各个发展过程中的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [194, 195] },
content: "各个发展过程的矛盾的各方面",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [195, 196] },
content:
"各个发展过程在其各个发展阶段上的矛盾以及各个发展阶段上的矛盾的各方面",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [196, 197] },
content:
"研究所有这些矛盾的特性,都不能带主观随意性,必须对它们实行具体的分析",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [197, 198] },
content: "样本",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [198, 199] },
content:
"马恩把这事物矛盾的法则应用到社会历史过程的研究的时候,看出生产力和生产关系之间的矛盾,看出剥削阶级和被剥削阶级之间的矛盾以及由于这些矛盾所产生的经济基础和政治及思想等上层建筑之间的矛盾,而这些矛盾如何不可避免地会在各种不同的阶级社会中,引出各种不同的社会革命。",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [199, 200] },
content:
"马克思把这一法则应用到资本主义社会经济结构的研究的时候,他看出这一社会的基本矛盾在于生产的社会性和占有制的私人性之间的矛盾。这个矛盾表现于在各别企业中的生产的有组织性和在全社会中的生产的无组织性之间的矛盾。这个矛盾的阶级表现则是资产阶级和无产阶级之间的矛盾。",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [200, 201] },
content: "普遍性与特殊性的关系",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [201, 202] },
content: "普遍性与特殊性的相对性",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [202, 203] },
content:
"一定场合下表现其特殊性的,另一定场合写表现为普遍性,反之亦然。",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [203, 204] },
content:
"资本主义制度所包含的生产社会化和生产资料私人占有制的矛盾,是所有有资本主义的存在和发展的各国所共有的东西,对于资本主义说来,这是矛盾的普遍性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [204, 205] },
content:
"但是资本主义的这种矛盾,乃是一般阶级社会发展在一定历史阶段上的东西,对于一般阶级社会中的生产力和生产关系的矛盾说来,这是矛盾的特殊性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [205, 206] },
content:
"然而,当着马克思把资本主义社会这一切矛盾的特殊性解剖出来之后,同时也就更进一步地、更充分地、更完全地把一般阶级社会中这个生产力和生产关系的矛盾的普遍性阐发出来了",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [206, 207] },
content: "普遍性包含于特殊性",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [207, 208] },
content:
"研究一定事物时,应当发现这两方面及其互相联结,发现一事物内部的特殊性和普遍性的两方面及其相互联结,发现一事物与其他事物的互相联结",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [208, 209] },
content:
"举例:斯大林《论列宁主义基础》说明列宁之一历史根源的方式",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [209, 210] },
content:
"分析了列宁主义所由产生的国际环境,分析了在帝国主义条件下已经发展到极点的资本主义的诸矛盾,以及这些矛盾使无产阶级革命成为直接实践的问题,并造成了直接冲击资本主义的良好的条件,说明列宁主义是帝国主义时代的马克思主义(帝国主义矛盾的普遍性)",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [210, 211] },
content:
"又分析了为什么俄国成为列宁主义的策源地,分析了沙皇俄国当时是帝国主义一切矛盾的集合点以及俄国无产阶级所以能够成为国际的革命无产阶级的先锋队的原因(沙俄帝国主义在这一般矛盾中所具有的特殊性)",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [211, 212] },
content: "在这种特殊性中就包含了普遍性",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [212, 213] },
content:
"普遍性与特殊性的关系就是共性与个性、绝对性与相对性的关系",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [213, 214] },
content: "共性包含于一切个性之中,无个性就无共性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [214, 215] },
content: "矛盾各自是特殊的,造成个性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [215, 216] },
content:
"一切个性都是有条件地暂时地存在,所以是相对的",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [216, 217] },
content:
"研究问题的过程中由普遍性到特殊性,最后回到普遍性",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 1,
payload: { lines: [218, 219] },
content: "主要矛盾与主要的矛盾方面",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [219, 220] },
content: "矛盾分主次",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [220, 221] },
content: "论述",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [221, 222] },
content:
"任何过程如果有多数矛盾存在的话,其中必定有一种是主要的,骑着领导的、决定的作用,其他则处于次要和服从的地位",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [222, 223] },
content:
"这是马克思研究资本主义社会告诉我们的方法",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [223, 224] },
content:
"列宁和斯大林研究帝国主义和资本主义总危机、研究苏联经济的时候,也告诉我们这种方法",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [224, 225] },
content:
"研究任何过程,如果存在两个以上矛盾的复杂过程,要尽全力找出其主要矛盾,捉住了这个主要矛盾,一切问题就迎刃而解了",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [225, 226] },
content: "举例",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [226, 227] },
content: "资本主义社会",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [227, 228] },
content: "主要矛盾:无产阶级和资产阶级的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [228, 229] },
content: "次要矛盾",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [229, 230] },
content: "封建阶级和资产阶级的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [230, 231] },
content: "农民小资产者与资产阶级矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [231, 232] },
content: "自由资产阶级和垄断资产阶级矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [232, 233] },
content: "资产阶级民主和法西斯主义矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [233, 234] },
content: "资本主义国家间矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [234, 235] },
content: "帝国主义和殖民地矛盾",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [235, 236] },
content: "帝国主义侵略之下的中国近代",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [236, 237] },
content: "剧烈的侵略(战争)",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [237, 238] },
content: "表现:本国人民基本团结对外",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [238, 239] },
content: "主要矛盾:帝国主义和中华民族的矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [239, 240] },
content: "次要矛盾:国内各阶级矛盾和制度矛盾",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [240, 241] },
content: "温和的侵略(政治经济)",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [241, 242] },
content:
"表现:统治阶级投降并与帝国主义结盟,共同压迫本国人民",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [242, 243] },
content:
"主要矛盾表现为国内战争,帝国主义间接援助统治阶级,内部矛盾尖锐,各统治集团内战",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [243, 244] },
content: "举例",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [244, 245] },
content: "辛亥革命",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [245, 246] },
content: "第一次国内革命战争",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [246, 247] },
content: "十年土地革命战争",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [247, 248] },
content: "矛盾两方面也不可一律看待",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [248, 249] },
content: "平衡中的不平衡",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [249, 250] },
content:
"两方面似乎有时势均力敌,但只是暂时的,基本形态仍是不平衡",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [250, 251] },
content:
"不平衡,则必然有一方面是主要的,其他方面是次要的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [251, 252] },
content:
"事物的性质主要由取得支配地位的主要的矛盾方面决定",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [252, 253] },
content: "两方面的互相转化",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [253, 254] },
content: "转化由矛盾中双方斗争力量数目的增减程度决定",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [254, 255] },
content: "新旧的矛盾(新陈代谢)",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [255, 256] },
content:
"依事物本身的性质和条件,经过不同的飞跃形式,一事物转换为其他事物的过程,就是新陈代谢",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [256, 257] },
content:
"新的方面由小变大,上升为支配的东西;旧的方面由大变小,变成逐步归于灭亡的东西",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [257, 258] },
content:
"一当心得方面对于旧的方面取得支配地位的时候,旧事物的性质就变化为新事物的性质",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [258, 259] },
content: "举例",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [259, 260] },
content: "西方",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [260, 261] },
content:
"资本主义从封建社会的附庸地位上升为支配地位,封建势力则由支配变成附庸,社会性质改变",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [261, 262] },
content:
"生产力发展,资产阶级从进步势力转变为保守势力,最终被无产阶级推翻,无产阶级从附庸上升至支配地位,社会性质改变",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [262, 263] },
content: "中国",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [263, 264] },
content:
"帝国主义压迫下中国由独立国变为半殖民地,地位转化",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [264, 265] },
content:
"半殖民地支配地位的帝国主义必将被无产阶级领导下生长起来的力量打倒,中国恢复为独立国,地位再次转化",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [265, 266] },
content:
"封建地主阶级打倒,从统治者变为被统治者;人民从被统治者变为统治者;社会从半殖民地半封建转变为新的民主社会",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [266, 267] },
content:
"清帝国在辛亥革命被打倒,革命同盟会一度取得胜利",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [267, 268] },
content:
"第一次国内革命战争,两党领导的力量由小变大,北伐节节胜利",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [268, 269] },
content:
"1927党领导的人民势力变得弱小,肃清党内机会主义之后再次变得强大",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [269, 270] },
content: "关于几个特别的矛盾",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [270, 271] },
content: "错误观点",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [271, 272] },
content: "生产力和生产关系,生产力是主要的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [272, 273] },
content: "理论和实践,实践是主要的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [273, 274] },
content: "经济基础和上层建筑,经济基础是主要的",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [274, 275] },
content: "是这样吗?",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [275, 276] },
content: "一般是这样的,部分情况则会反过来",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [276, 277] },
content:
"不改变生产不能发展生产力的时候,生产关系是决定性的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [277, 278] },
content:
"“没有革命理论就不会有革命实践”的时候,理论的创立和提倡是主要的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [278, 279] },
content:
"要做某事但没有方针政策计划的时候,方针政策计划是主要的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [279, 280] },
content:
"政治经济等上层建筑阻碍经济发展的时候,上层建筑变革是决定性的",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [280, 281] },
content: "所以,要反对一面性的形而上学观点!",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [281, 282] },
content: "总结",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [282, 283] },
content: "两种矛盾情况的差别性或特殊性冥斗士不平衡性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [283, 284] },
content:
"世界上没有绝对平衡发展的东西,必须反对平衡论(均衡论)",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [284, 285] },
content:
"这种具体的矛盾状况,以及矛盾的主要方面和非主要方面在发展过程中的变化,正是表现出新事物代替旧事物的力量",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [285, 286] },
content:
"对于矛盾的各种不平衡情况,主要矛盾和非主要矛盾、主要的矛盾方面和非主要的矛盾方面的研究,是正确地决定政治和军事战略战术方针的重要参考之一",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 1,
payload: { lines: [287, 288] },
content: "同一性与斗争性",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [288, 289] },
content: "同一性",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [289, 290] },
content: "复杂的矛盾情况",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [290, 291] },
content: "已知",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [291, 292] },
content:
"一切矛盾的各方面,本来是相互排斥、相互斗争、相互对立的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [292, 293] },
content:
"单纯的过程只有一对矛盾,复杂的过程则有一对以上矛盾,各个矛盾之间又构成矛盾",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [293, 294] },
content:
"这样地组成客观世界的一切事物和人们的思想,并推使它们发生运动",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [294, 295] },
content: "极不协调极不统一,同一性在哪里?",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [295, 296] },
content: "同一性内容论述",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [296, 297] },
content:
"矛盾两方面各以对方为自己存在的前提,共存于一个统一体",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [297, 298] },
content: "一面互相对立,一面相互连接、贯通、渗透",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [298, 299] },
content: "生死",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [299, 300] },
content: "上下",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [300, 301] },
content: "祸福",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [301, 302] },
content: "难易",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [302, 303] },
content: "地主与佃农",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [303, 304] },
content: "资产阶级与无产阶级",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [304, 305] },
content: "仅仅这样就统一了?",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [305, 306] },
content:
"矛盾两方面在一定条件下可以各自朝着相反的方向转化",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [306, 307] },
content:
"无产阶级从被统治者转化为统治者,资产阶级反之",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [307, 308] },
content:
"起过某种积极作用的国民党在帝国主义引诱下(条件)转为反革命(反向转化),在中日矛盾尖锐化、统一战线政策下(条件)赞成抗日(反向转化)",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [308, 309] },
content:
"土地革命,有土地的地主失掉土地,无土地的农民得到土地,有无得失翻转;农民私有制在社会主义下变为集体农业的公有制,有无转化",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [309, 310] },
content:
"无产阶级的国家是为了消灭国家,共产党的存在是为了最终消灭共产党的存在",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [310, 311] },
content:
"战争与和平:一战之后出现和平,和平是二战的先声;抗日之下停止内战,实现国内和平",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [311, 312] },
content: "同一性的条件性",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [312, 313] },
content: "自然案例",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [313, 314] },
content:
"鸡蛋转化为鸡子(小鸡),石头则不能转化为鸡子",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [314, 315] },
content:
"战争与和平具有同一性,与石头不具有同一性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [315, 316] },
content: "人能生人,生不出别的东西",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [316, 317] },
content: "社会案例",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [317, 318] },
content:
"为什么俄国二月资产阶级革命与十月革命直接联系,法国没有联系而最终失败?",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [318, 319] },
content:
"为什么蒙古和中亚游牧制度直接联系于社会主义?",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [319, 320] },
content:
"为什么中国革命可以直接避免资产阶级专政时期,直接走向社会主义?",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [320, 321] },
content: "注意同一性的条件性(因而有相对性)!",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [321, 322] },
content: "为什么事物不能看成一成不变的东西?",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [322, 323] },
content: "原因",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [323, 324] },
content:
"客观事物本来如此,本不是凝固的,而是活的生动的",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [324, 325] },
content:
"这种情况反映在思想中就是马克思主义的唯物辩证法的宇宙观",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [325, 326] },
content:
"只有反动统治阶级及位置服务的形而上学,不把对立的事物当做活的、可变动的、互相转化的,而是死的、凝固的,来迷惑人民、维护统治",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [326, 327] },
content:
"结论:我们共产党人应当揭露反动派和形而上的错误思想,宣传辩证法,促成事物转化,达到革命目的",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [327, 328] },
content: "斗争性",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [328, 329] },
content: "内容",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [329, 330] },
content:
"对立事物的同一性是有条件地、暂时的、相对的,但其互相对立的斗争是绝对的",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [330, 331] },
content: "事物的发展状态",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [331, 332] },
content: "相对静止状态/量变",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [332, 333] },
content:
"只有数量变化没有性质变化,显示好似静止状态",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [333, 334] },
content: "显著变动状态/质变",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [334, 335] },
content:
"第一种状态的数量变化达到了某一最高点,导致统一物分解,性质变化",
},
],
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [335, 336] },
content:
"量变引起质变,矛盾存在于两种状态中,并通过第二种状态达到解决",
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [336, 337] },
content: "总结",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [337, 338] },
content: "相反相成",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [338, 339] },
content: "在相对的东西中有绝对的东西",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [339, 340] },
content: "同一性中的斗争性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [340, 341] },
content: "特殊性中的普遍性",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [341, 342] },
content: "个性中的共性",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 1,
payload: { lines: [343, 344] },
content: "对抗在矛盾中的地位",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [344, 345] },
content: "论述",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [345, 346] },
content: "对抗式矛盾斗争的一种形式,而不是一切形式",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [346, 347] },
content: "有些矛盾具有公开的对抗性,有些则不具有对抗性",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 2,
payload: { lines: [347, 348] },
content: "举例",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [348, 349] },
content: "人类的阶级社会",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [349, 350] },
content:
"剥削阶级和被剥削阶级的矛盾长期存在、互相斗争,在发展到一定阶段时才采取外部对抗也就是革命的形式",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [350, 351] },
content:
"阶级社会和平转向战争的过程,也是矛盾从不对抗到对抗的表现",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [351, 352] },
content: "党内思想矛盾",
children: [
{
type: "heading",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [352, 353] },
content: "解释",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [353, 354] },
content:
"列宁、斯大林的正确思想与托洛茨基、布哈林等人错误思想的矛盾刚开始不是对抗,随后发展为对抗",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [354, 355] },
content:
"许多同志的正确思想与陈独秀、张国焘等人错误思想的矛盾刚开始不对抗,最后发展为对抗",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 5,
payload: { lines: [355, 356] },
content:
"当下党内同志思想矛盾没有表现为对抗,犯错误的同志及时改正,可以不使发展为对抗",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 6,
payload: { lines: [356, 357] },
content: "党对待有错误思想的同志的方针",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [357, 358] },
content: "对错误思想进行严肃斗争",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [358, 359] },
content:
"给犯了错误的同志以充分的自我觉悟的机会",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [359, 360] },
content: "避免过火斗争",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 7,
payload: { lines: [360, 361] },
content:
"如果拒不改正并执意继续扩大,矛盾有发展为对抗的可能",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [361, 362] },
content: "城市与乡村",
children: [
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [362, 363] },
content:
"资本主义社会下、国统区内,城市(或帝国主义者)残酷掠夺乡村,城乡矛盾表现为极为对抗的形式",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [363, 364] },
content:
"社会主义国家和我革命根据地内这种矛盾表现为非对抗",
},
{
type: "list_item",
depth: 4,
payload: { lines: [364, 365] },
content: "共产主义社会,城乡矛盾消灭",
},
],
},
{
type: "heading",
depth: 3,
payload: { lines: [365, 366] },
content: "社会主义社会下,对抗消灭了,但矛盾存在着",
},
],
},
],
},
],
},
{}
);
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</div>
<p class="time">2021.8.16</p>
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